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Practical #2 Flashcards

1
Q

4 Divisions of the brain

A

cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum (cerebrum and diencephalon collectively are the forebrain)

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2
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Is seen if brain is sliced in frontal plan and is the thin layer covering the outer surface of the cerebrum. Portion of the gray matter of the brain.

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3
Q
A

Basal Ganglia. Deep in the cerebral hemispheres of the cerebrum. Collection of gray matter.

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4
Q

Gyri, sulci and fissures.

A

In the cerebrum. Gyri are raised ridges, sulci are deep clefts between the ridges and fissures are even deeper clefts between major divisions of the cerebrum.

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5
Q
A

Frontal Lobe. Section is Cerebrum and diencephalon

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6
Q
A

Central Sulcus. Section is Cerebrum and diencephalon

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7
Q
A

Parietal Lobe. Section is Cerebrum and diencephalon

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8
Q
A

Temporal Lobe. Section is Cerebrum and diencephalon

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9
Q
A

Occipital Lobe. Section is Cerebrum and diencephalon

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10
Q
A

Lateral Sulcus (fissure). Section is Cerebrum and diencephalon

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11
Q
A

Longitudinal Fissure. Section is Cerebrum and diencephalon

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12
Q
A

Precentral Gyrus. Section is Cerebrum and diencephalon

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13
Q
A

Postcentral Gyrus. Section is Cerebrum and diencephalon

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14
Q
A

Corpus callosum. Section is Cerebrum and diencephalon

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15
Q
A

Thalamus and Third Ventricle. Section is Cerebrum and diencephalon

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16
Q
A

Hypothalamus. Section is Cerebrum and diencephalon

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17
Q
A

Midbrain. Section is Brain Stem.

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18
Q
A

Cerebral Aqueduct. Part of Midbrain. Section is brain stem.

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19
Q
A

Inferior Colliculus. Part of the midbrain. Section is brain stem.

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20
Q
A

Superior colliculus. Part of midbrain. section is brain stem.

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21
Q
A

Pons. Section is brain stem.

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22
Q
A

Medulla oblongata. Section is brain stem.

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23
Q
A

Fourth ventricle. Section is brain stem.

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24
Q
A

Cerebellum

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25
Q
A

Pineal Body. Section is cerebrum and diencephalon.

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26
Q
A

Mamillary Bodies. Section is cerebrum and diencephalon.

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27
Q
A

Interventricular Foramen. Section is cerebrum and diencephalon. Connects the third ventricle to the lateral ventricles.

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28
Q
A

Lateral Ventricle. Section is cerebrum and diencephalon.

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29
Q

Fluffy stuff on the floor of the lateral ventricle.

A

Choroid plexus.

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30
Q

Name the meninges of the brain.

A

Dura mater. Between the cerebral hemispheres it forms teh falx cerebri and between the cerebrum and cerebellum it forms the tentorium cerebelli.

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31
Q

Name #1

A

Corpus callosum. White matter.

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32
Q

Name #2

A

Lateral ventricles.

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33
Q

Name #3

A

Longitudinal fissure.

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34
Q

Name #4

A

Thalamus. Gray matter.

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35
Q

Name #5

A

Third ventricle.

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36
Q

Name #6

A

Substantia Nigra. gray matter.

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37
Q

Name #2

A

Hippocampus. Gray matter in cerebral cortex.

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38
Q
A

Olfactory Bulb. Part of Olfactory nerve (nerve I).

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39
Q
A

Olfactory Tract. Part of olfactory nerve (nerve I).

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40
Q
A

Optic nerve. nerve II.

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41
Q
A

Optic Chiasma. Part of optic nerve (nerve II).

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42
Q
A

Optic Tract. Part of optic nerve (nerve II).

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43
Q
A

Trigeminal Nerve. Nerve V.

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44
Q
A

Facial Nerve. Nerve VII.

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45
Q
A

Vestibulocochlear Nerve. Nerve VIII.

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46
Q
A

Vagus Nerve. Nerve X.

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47
Q
A

Lacrimal Gland. Part of the lacrimal apparatus.

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48
Q
A

Superior Lacrimal Canaliculus. Part of lacrimal apparatus.

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49
Q
A

Inferior Lacrimal Canaliculus. Part of lacrimal apparatus.

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50
Q
A

Lacrimal sac. part of lacrimal apparatus.

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51
Q
A

Medial Canthus.

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52
Q
A

External Auditory Canal

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53
Q
A

Tympanic Membrane

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54
Q
A

Ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes.

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55
Q
A

Malleus, Incus, Stapes (left to right.)

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56
Q
57
Q
A

Semicircular canal. Part of vestibular apparatus.

58
Q
A

Utricle and Saccule. Part of vestibular apparatus.

59
Q
A

Vestibulocochlear Nerve. Nerve VIII.

60
Q
A

Eustachian Tube.

61
Q

Test for visual accuity.

A

Standing 20 feet from the chart read the smallest line that you can. 20/20 vision means the person can read the line they should be able to read at 20 feet.

62
Q

Test for astigmatism

A

Stand 20 feet from astigmatism chart. Cover one eye and observe if any lines or planes are darker.

63
Q

Binocular Vision

A

Brain focusing images from two separate eyes. Demonstrated if you hold arm out and point at distant object. May see two fingers, may be different in distinctiveness and may change if you close an eye.

64
Q

Tests for color blindness

A

Affects only males. May only see shades of gray or may lose ability to see red and green only.

65
Q

Blind Spot

A

Each eye has a blind spot where the optic nerve exits the eye. Demonstrated by covering eye and looking at X on the board while walking toward board you find a spot where the mouse disappears.

66
Q

Air Conduction and Bone conduction test.

A

sensory deafness: hair cells of cochlea are damaged.

Conduction deafness: sound cannot normally conduct through middle ear.

Used tuning fork to compare.

67
Q

Nystagmus

A

Reflexes that aim the eye. Tested by spinning someone in a chair with head 30 degrees forward so that the horizontal semicircular canals are horizantal to the floor. Occurs in the direction of the fast movement.

68
Q

Past-Pointing

A

Show the effect of vestibular reflexes on postural muscles. Had subject close eyes and point to tip of someones finger then spun them and had them try to touch tip of finger. Arm strays in the direction they were spinning.

69
Q

Beta Waves in EEG

A

desynchronized. High frequency.

70
Q

Alpha Waves in EEG

A

See peak at 8-12 Hz in the Fourier transformation.

71
Q
A

Hard Palate.

72
Q
A

Soft Palate

73
Q
74
Q
A

Parotid Salivary Gland

75
Q
A

Submandibular Salivary Gland

76
Q
A

Nasopharynx

77
Q
A

Oropharynx

78
Q
A

Laryngopharynx

79
Q
A

Opening to Eustachian Tube

80
Q
A

Epiglottis

81
Q
82
Q
A

Rugae. Ridges of stomach.

83
Q
A

Fundus. upper region of stomach.

84
Q
A

Body of stomach.

85
Q
A

Pylorus. Lower region of stomach. Contains pyloric sphincter.

86
Q
A

Pyloric Sphincter

87
Q
88
Q
A

Pancreatic Duct.

89
Q
90
Q
A

Duodenal Papilla.

91
Q
A

Plicae Circulares. Ridges in duodenum.

92
Q
A

Common Bile Duct.

93
Q

Sections of the small intestine

A

Duodenum –> Jejunum –> Ileum.

94
Q
95
Q
A

Ileocecal Valve.

96
Q
A

Cecum. Beginning of large intestine.

97
Q
A

Appendix. Part of large intestine.

98
Q
A

Ascending Colon

99
Q
A

Transverse Colon.

100
Q
A

Descending Colon.

101
Q
A

Sigmoid Colon

102
Q
103
Q
A

Taenia Coli

104
Q
105
Q
A

Celiac Trunk.

106
Q
A

Splenic Artery. Branches off celiac trunk.

107
Q
A

Common Hepatic Artery. Branches off celiac trunk.

108
Q
A

Superior Mesenteric Artery.

109
Q
A

Superior Mesenteric Vein.

110
Q
A

Inferior Vena Cava

111
Q
A

Splenic Vein

112
Q
A

Hepatic Portal Vein

113
Q
A
  1. Esophagus. 2. Mucosa layer 3. Submucosa (loose connective tissue and mucous glands) 4. Muscularis externa. (fourth layer is not seen in slides and is the serosa or adventitia).
114
Q
A

MALT in lamina propria

115
Q
A

Mucosa of esophagus.

  1. stratified squamous epithelium
  2. lamina propria
  3. muscularis mucosae
116
Q
A

Stratified squamous epithelium of esophagus

117
Q
A

Stomach.

  1. mucosa which includes #3. muscularis mucosae.
  2. submucosa with loose connective tissue.

(Third layer is muscularis externa but not seen on slide)

118
Q
A

Stomach. Gastric Pits containing mucous cells.

119
Q
A

Mucosa of stomach.

  1. parietal cells.
  2. Chief cells
  3. Gastric glands
120
Q
A

Small Intestine - Duodenum.

  1. mucosa
    1a. muscularis mucosae in mucosa.
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis externa
    3a. circular layer of muscularis externa
    3b. longitudinal layer of muscularis externa
121
Q
A

Submucosa of Duodenum.

  1. mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis mucosae of mucosa.
  4. Brunner’s glands of submucosa (only in duodenum).
122
Q
A

Jejunum - Small intestine

  1. mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis externa
123
Q
A

Mucosa of Jejunum

  1. Lacteal
  2. Villi.
  3. Crypt
124
Q
A

Jejunum- small intestine.

  1. simple columnar epithelium
  2. goblet cell
125
Q
A

Large Intestine

  1. mucosa
  2. submucosa (loose connective tissue)
  3. muscularis externa
126
Q
A

Muscularis Externa of Large Intestine

  1. circular layer
  2. myenteric plexus
  3. longitudinal layer
  4. taenia coli (thickening of longitudinal layer)
127
Q
A

Mucosa of Large Intestine.

  1. simple columnar epithelium
  2. crypt
  3. goblet cell

Note: also have lamina propria and muscularis mucosae

128
Q
A
  1. Pancreas
  2. Pancreatic Duct
  3. Duodenum
  4. Duodenal papilla
  5. Plicae Circulares
129
Q
A
  1. Common bile duct
  2. Celiac trunk
  3. splenic artery
  4. common hepatic artery
  5. left gastric artery
130
Q
A
  1. Splenic Vein
  2. Superior Mesentery Vein
  3. Hepatic portal vein
131
Q
A

Hepatic lobule

  1. branch of hepatic portal vein
  2. branch of hepatic artery
  3. sinusoids
  4. central vein
  5. bile ducts and canaliculi
132
Q
A
  1. peritoneum
  2. cystic bile duct
  3. common hepatic artery
  4. hepatic portal vein
  5. inferior vena cava
133
Q
A

Salivary Glands

  1. serous acinus
  2. ducts
  3. mucous acinus
134
Q
A

Pancreas

  1. acinar cells
  2. islet of Langerhans
135
Q
A

Pig liver.

  1. lobule
  2. interlobular connective tissue
  3. branch of hepatic artery
  4. branch of hepatic portal vein
  5. branch of hepatic bile duct
136
Q
A

Human Liver

  1. Sinusoid
  2. Hepatocytes
137
Q
A

Human Liver.

  1. Lobule.
  2. Central Vein
138
Q

Small didolee-boppers of fat on large intestine

A

epiploic appendages

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