Practical #2 Flashcards
Simple squamous epithelium
Function and location
Alveoli
Diffusion
Stratified squamous epithelium
Location and function
Lining of mouth and esophagus
Protection against abrasion
Pseudo-stratified ciliates columnar epithelium
Location and functions
Lining of nasal cavity, trachea and bronchi
Secrets and moves mucus
Hyaline cartilage
Location and functions
Nose, parts of the larynx, trachea and bronchi
Flexibility and support
Elastic cartilage
Location and function
Epiglottis of larynx
Provides strength, elastic and maintains shape
Ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium
Location and function
Bronchioles
Moves mucus and debris
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Location and function
Respiratory bronchioles
Allows for a little bit of gas exchange
Function of Resp. System
Moves air in/out of body
Cleans warms and humidifies air
Gas exchange
Olfaction
Ph balance
Blood pressure
What are the 3 paired cartilage structures?
Arytenoid
Cuneiform
Corniculate
What are the 3 single cartilage structures?
Thyroid
Crucifix
Epiglottis
True or false cords
Location
True: vocal (lower)
False: vestibular or ventricular folds
Functions of tonsils
Immunity
FX of trachea
Moves air from larynx to bronchi
Components of trachea and importance?
Trachialis M. Contracts or relaxes to adjust airflow
How many loves on each side of the lung? Why?
Right 3 lobes with an horizontal tissue
Left 2 lobes due to the heart
Both have oblique fissure
What is the hilum?
Where vessels and nerves and bronchi enter or exit the lungs
What are the two plural lines?
Visceral and parietal
What is a pneumothorax?
Pneumothorax occurs when air enters the pleural, space, causing shortness of breath, increasing heart rate and is treated with a needle decompression
What are the three layers of the respiratory membrane?
Alveolar cell, basement membrane and endothelial cell
What is Boyles law?
Pressure and volume are inversely related
What muscles are required for forced inhalation
Diaphragm, external intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes and pectoralis minor
What muscles are required for forced exhalation
Internal intercostals, external oblique, internal oblique, transverse, abdominous, and rectus abdominous
What is required for regular inhalation?
Diaphragm and external intercostals
What muscles are required for normal exhalation?
None
What is spirometry?
A test used to measure lung volumes, and how quickly one can inhale or exhale
What is tidal volume?
The amount of an air inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath
What is inspiratory reserve volume?
The maximum amount of air inhaled after normal inhalation
What is expiratory reserve volume?
The max amount of air exhaled after normal exhalation
What is residual volume?
The amount of air left in a long after the maximum exhalation, it prevents the lungs from collapsing
What is inspiratory capacity equation?
TV plus IRV
What is the functional residual capacity?
RV plus ERV
What is the vital capacity
Equation?
IRV plus TV plus ERV
What is the total lung capacity?
TV plus ERV plus RV plus IRV
What is the difference between the immune and lymphatic system?
Immune system is made up of immune cells, and the lymphatic system is an organ system
What are the two main types of lymphocytes?
T cells and B cells
Where do T cells mature?
What are the three types of T cells?
What type of immunity does it give?
They mature in the thymus
Memory, helper and cytotoxic
Adaptive immunity
Where do B cells mature?
What type of immunity does B cells give?
What are the types of B cells?
They are matured in the red bone marrow
They give antibody mediated immunity
Memory and plasma
What are the other three types of immune cells and their function?
Natural killer cells
Monocytes are macrophages -clear debris, and present antigens
Dendritic and reticular cells - APCS
What is an antigen?
An antigen is a molecule capable of creating an immune response
What is an antibody?
And antibodies a protein produced by plasma to find a specific antigen and mark it for destruction
What is agglutination?
The body’s response to the mixing of blood types. The antibodies from one phenotype bind to the surface of another phenotype. This causes the erythrocytes to burst( hemolysis)
What is the rhesus factor?
Determines a persons positive or negative blood type
It is a surface antigen
If a person is exposed to an Rh, antigen by contamination, the body will produce antibodies
What is the majority of the population in terms of blood type?
Majority of people are O positive or A positive
What is hemolytic disease of a newborn
When the mother is Rh negative and the baby is Rh positive.
It only affects the second pregnancy, because the blood mixes at the birth of the first baby .
The mixing of the blood causes the mother to make antibodies and these antibodies attack the second baby if it is RH POS.
What is RhoGAM
A medicine that stops the mother from creating RH antibodies
Lymphedema definition
A condition that causes swelling in the tissues, due to a buildup of fluid
What is the difference between primary and secondary lymphedema?
Primary lymphedema is idiopathic
Secondary lymphedema is caused by a different condition such as cancer
What are the symptoms of a lymphedema?
Swelling
Aching or numbness
Skin feeling tight or hot
What are some treatments for lymphedema?
Treatments include exercise, a healthy diet elevation, a compression sleeve, and infection prevention
What is the function and purpose of the lymphatic system?
Collection and return of ISF
Repacks and delivers lipids and vitamins from the small intestines to the blood
What are the components of the lymphatic system?
Lymph organs, tissues, vessels
Spleen
Catergory
Fx
Secondary lymphatic organ
Filters, blood, illuminates, erythrocytes, Reservoir for thrombocytes
What is the histology of the spleen?
White pulp- a dark purple area that contains lymphocytes and macrophages
Red pulp- a red area that contains erythrocytes and thrombocytes
What is the lymphatic tree?
Lymph capillaries
Afferent, lymph vessel
Nodes
Efferent lymph vessel
Lymph trunk
Duct
What are the functions of the lymph nodes?
The filter lymph and are the site for T and B cell activation
What are the lymph nodes
Cervical
Inguinal
Intestinal
Iliac
Submandibular
Auxiliary
Mammillary
Bronchial
Cysterna chyli
Thoracic duct
Right lymphatic duct
What is MALT?
What is peyers patches?
Singular nodules in connective tissue of mucous membranes found in the respiratory G.I., urinary and reproductive tract
Aggregation of these nodules in the small intestines
What are the components of lymphatic vessels?
Nodes
thin vessel walls
contain lymph and leukocytes
Valves
closed at one end
Directs lymph to shbclavian veins
What are the key differences between lymphatic vessels and veins?
Lymphatic vessels have more valves, thinner walls, and blind and capillaries
