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MARINE BIOLOGY 320 > PRACTICAL > Flashcards

PRACTICAL Flashcards

1
Q

Define a coral reef

A

A coral reef is a massive deposit of calcium carbonate by colonial stony corals and other organisms, it is a large cohabitation of many organisms. It has a skeleton and other building organisms that hold and maintain it.

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2
Q

How does a coral reef form?

A

It is hermatypic so it lives within itself. Cnidaria build reefs by forming the skeletons and colonial polyps are connected together via tissue. Anything that fixes calcium carbonate can form reefs.

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3
Q

Two key developments from the Cambrian explosion in the ocean

A

Ocean acidification and an evolutionary arms race

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4
Q

Zooxanthellae

A

A photosynthetic algal cell that contributes organics to corals and allows it to grow faster (carbon source)

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5
Q

What leads to bleaching

A

Corals spit out zooxanthellae when it is too hot, and the absence of the zooxanthellae leads to bleaching

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6
Q

Conditions that support reef formation

A

Relatively stable or warm temperatures, light availability, high salinity, limited sedimentation, mid range wave action and limited air exposure

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7
Q

Florida platform reef formation

A

The platform has either been completely covered or above water over 20,000 years

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8
Q

Fringing reefs

A

Near shore with a narrow band of coral, has a beach(usually sandy or mangroves), a reef flat (seagrass interspersed with small corals), a reef crest (corals exposed at low tides) and a reef slope (as depth increases species composition changes).

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9
Q

Barrier reefs

A

Off shore and separated from land by a deep lagoon, have a lot of regions with coral. The reef crest is where the coral meets the surface.

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10
Q

Atoll Reefs

A

Formed by the subsidence of an island, a fringing reef that keeps growing, occurs far from mainlands and often healthier

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11
Q

Patch reefs

A

Shallow water, large halos of sand around the patches of coral

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12
Q

Spur and groove reefs

A

Large crests of coral interspersed with sandy channels, occurs with wave action

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13
Q

Porifera

A

Sponges, have no tissues or organs and a simple cellular matrix. Have calcium carbonate structures and other numerous types of cells

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14
Q

Porifera reproduction

A

Sperm take in through the ostium for internal fertilization, zygotes develop and released as larvae. The larvae swim around using cilia, undergo metamorphosis and sink to the bottom

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15
Q

Cnidaria

A

Are diploblastic and have cnidocytes(stinging cell), corals, anemones, and jellyfish secrete calcium carbonate

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16
Q

Hard coral name

A

Sceractinian

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17
Q

Soft coral name

A

Gorgonians

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18
Q

Cnidaria life cycle

A

Stalked polyp to free floating medusa and form separate male and female medusa, the sperm and egg from the medusa become ciliated free floating larvae, and the larva settles and grows into the polyp

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19
Q

Annelida

A

Triploblastic, protostome. Characterized by segmentation and a cuticle covered with setae (little hairs or bristles). They have a calcium carbonate shell, they are worms that contract. Mobile larvae (lophotrochozoans)

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20
Q

Mollusca

A

Triploblastic, protostome. They have a radula or a scraping tongue and mobile larvae (lophotrochozoan)

Octopus, squid, clams, oysters, mussels, scallops, snails, slugs, chitons

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21
Q

Platyhelminthes

A

Triplolastic, protostome, lophotrochozoans and flatworms.

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22
Q

Nematoda

A

Triploblastic, protostome that molts, has an exoskeleton so it slithers when it moves

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23
Q

Arthropoda

A

Triploblastic, protostome, molts, segmentation of jointed appendages, complete exoskeleton make of calcium carbonate. Insects, mites, crustaceans and spiders

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24
Q

Echinodermata

A

Triploblastic, deuterostomes that use calcium carbonate. Marine only and characterized by symmetry. Starfish, brittle star, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers, feather stars and sea lillies. Has ossicles

25
Q

Ossicles

A

Small calcareous elements in the dermis of the body to provide protection. The parts of the animal that fossilizes

26
Q

What senses to sea urchins rely on? Can they smell?

A

They are sensitive to light using photophores are in the tube legs and yes they can smell

27
Q

Urchin diet

A

Algae, animals, anything that fits in their mouth

28
Q

Urchin tube feet and spines

A

Large primary and small secondary spines, with tube feet that provide the water vascular system, hydraulic system and adhesion to other rocks

29
Q

Gastrulation

A

Stage of urchin embryo development that occurs when the blastula reorganizes the three germ/cell layers.

30
Q

Urchin larvae

A

Split and are identical, which goes from bilateral to radial symmetry

31
Q

Epitoky

A

Asexual budding by a worm to become able to swim to mate

32
Q

Morphological adaptions of fish to help them overcome challenges of locomotions in the ocean

A

Streamlining (reduces drag) and fins (provide propulsion and maneuverability)

33
Q

Torpedo shaped fish

A

Fusiform, fast swimmer with efficient movement and minimal drag

34
Q

Flat sides (thin) fish

A

Compressiform, easily maneuverable for tight spaces and coral reefs

35
Q

Pressed (flat) fish

A

Depressiform, swims like a bird bottom dwelling

36
Q

Long fish

A

Filiform to slither like a snake to hide in tight spaces

37
Q

Movement via median fins is associated with

A

Longer fish

38
Q

Mouth orientation of fish

A

Terminal (opens at the end) - feeds in the middle
Inferior (downward) - feeds on the bottom
Superior (upward) - feeds at the surface

39
Q

Feeding modes

A

Suction feeding - Strong inward suction in mouth
Manipulation - Biting, grabbing, scraping
Ram feeding - Filter feeding (nonvisual, size selective)

40
Q

Survival strategies

A

Camouflage, disruptive, warning, countershading, mirror sides

41
Q

Take cover strategies

A

Burrowers, stay close to crevasse, stay in the shade

42
Q

Evasion strategies

A

Swim fast, jump out of water, fly

43
Q

Schools as a strategy

A

Dilution or attack avoidance, chance of getting eaten in a school decreases

44
Q

Mantaee and dugong diets

A

Seagrass herbivores

45
Q

Temperature manatees require

A

Above 68 degrees, they have little body fat, they go into freshwater springs in the winter

46
Q

Common bottlenose dolphin diet

A

Fish or squids, bias for noise producing fish

47
Q

Dolphins virus outbreaks

A

Morbillivirus

48
Q

Sea turtles

A

Marine reptiles, juveniles hatch on land, spend most of their life in the ocean and are distributed globally

49
Q

5 turtle species in the US

A

Green turtle, hawksbill, loggerhead, leatherback, kemp’s ridleys

50
Q

Carnivore turtles

A

Loggerheads, ridleys, flatbacks

51
Q

Spongivore turtles

A

Hawksbill

52
Q

Gelatinivores turtles

A

Leatherbacks

53
Q

Herbivore turtles

A

Green turtles

54
Q

Sea turtle shell anatomy

A

Carapace - top
Plastron - bottom/underside
Scutes - keratin pates covering the carapace

55
Q

Sea turtle skeleton

A

Rib cage fused with carapace, cannot retreat into the shell, only turtle with flippers

56
Q

Turtle diseases

A

Fibropapillomatosis or barnacles

57
Q

Sea turtle reproduction

A

Return to where they were hatched, only females exit water, lays 3-5 clutches

58
Q

Arribadas

A

Coordinated mass nesting events, (only Ridleys)

MARINE BIOLOGY 320 (1 decks)

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