Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NUR1114 > Practical > Flashcards

Practical Flashcards

1
Q

Frontal bone

A

Flat bone which forms the forehead and part of the orbits (eye sockets). Contains air-filled sinuses - these serve to reduce the weight of the skull.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Parietal bones

A

Four-sided bone forming the sides and roof of the skull.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Occipital bone

A

Forms back of the skull and part of its base. Includes:
* foramen magnum for passage of spinal cord
* occipital condyles for articulation with the first
cervical vertebra (atlas) and part of the
attachment (origin) of the trapezius muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Temporal bones

A

Form the sides and part of the base of the skull
Each temporal bone includes:
* external acoustic (auditory) meatus
* mastoid process
* temporomandibular joint (articulation with
mandible)
* zygomatic arch is formed by the joining of
processes from the temporal and the zygomatic bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Maxilla (upper jaw)

A
  • The upper part of the maxilla forms the floor of
    the orbits (eye sockets)
  • The lower part of maxilla forms the hard palate
  • Carries upper row of teeth (16 in adult)
  • Contains sinuses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Mandible (lower jaw)

A
  • The body of the mandible carries the lower row of teeth (16)
  • The mandibular condyle (condylar process) of
    the mandible articulates with the temporal bone
    to form the joint of the jaw (temporomandibular
    joint)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Zygomatic bones

A

cheekbones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Zygomatic arch

A
  • Formed from a process of the zygomatic bone
    and a process of the temporal bone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Temporomandibular (jaw) joint

A

This joint is formed between the mandibular condyle and the temporal
bone.

Movements of the mandible include:
* elevation and depression (up and down)
* side to side
* retraction and protraction (retraction and protraction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Atlanto-occipital joint

A

This joint is formed between the occipital condyles at the base of the skull, and the first cervical vertebra, also known as the “atlas”.

Movements at this joint are flexion and extension of the neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Atlas – axis joint

A

This is the first intervertebral joint, between the first and second cervical vertebrae (C1- C2). Unlike all other intervertebral joints, this is a pivot joint.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The sternum (breastbone)

A

This is a long flat bone that runs down the front of the chest or thorax under the skin. Its superior end supports the clavicles (collarbones) and it also articulates (forms joints) with the first 7 pairs of ribs. The
sternum consists of 3 parts: the manubrium
(superiorly), the body, and the xiphoid process (inferiorly). The superior border of the manubrium is on the level of the second thoracic vertebra.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The ribs

A

There are 12 on each side Posteriorly, the ribs articulate with the 12 thoracic vertebrae, and run anteriorly towards the sternum. As the ribs run forward, bone gives way to cartilage (costal cartilage). Thus the first 7 ribs are articulated to the sternum through their costal cartilages. The next 3 ribs (i.e. 8, 9 and 10) connect indirectly with the sternum, again through costal cartilages. The last 2 ribs do not reach the sternum anteriorly, but end in the muscles of the abdominal wall at the side. The ribs and their costal cartilages, the sternum, and the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae form a cage (“ribcage”) which is
roughly conical.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Orbicularis oculi

A

Origin: medial margin of the orbit
Insertion: skin of the eyelid

The orbicularis oculi closes the eyes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Orbicularis oris

A

Origin: maxilla and mandible
Insertion: skin at the corner of the mouth

The orbicularis oris closes the lips.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Buccinator (cheek - sucking)

A

Origin: maxilla and mandible
Insertion: fibres of the orbicularis oris

The buccinator compresses the cheek and thus allows sucking.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Masseter

A

Origin: zygomatic arch and zygomatic bone
Insertion: mandible

The masseter elevates the mandible.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Temporalis

A

Origin: temporal bone
Insertion: mandible

The temporalis muscle elevates and retracts
the mandible.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A

Origin: two heads - sternum and sternal end
of clavicle
Insertion: mastoid process of the temporal
bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Trapezius

A

Origin: the skull (occipital bone), cervical and
thoracic vertebrae
Insertion: clavicle, acromion and spine of
scapula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

External intercostal muscles

A

These muscles run downward and anteriorly.
Origin: inferior border of rib above
Insertion: superior border of rib below

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Internal intercostal muscles

A

These muscles run downward and
posteriorly.
Origin: superior border of rib below
Insertion: inferior border of rib above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Diaphragm

A

Origin: the diaphragm is attached to the
xiphoid process, the lower ribs, and the first lumbar vertebra.
Insertion: a central tendon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Rectus abdominis

A

Origin: superior surface of pubic bone.

Insertion: xiphoid process of the sternum,
costal cartilage of ribs 5-7.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

scapula

A

The scapula or shoulder blades are thin, triangular-shaped bones. The name is derived from a word meaning “spade” or “shovel” because ancient cultures made spades from the scapulae of animals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

clavicles

A

The clavicles are slender, curved bones that connect the upper limbs to the axial skeleton and are an anchor point for many muscles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Humerus

A

The humerus is a typical long bone and is the longest bone of the upper limb. It articulates with the scapula at the shoulder (glenoid cavity) and with the radius and ulna at the elbow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Ulna

A

The ulna is slightly longer than the radius and is the major forearm bone contributing to the elbow joint, articulating with the humerus (the ulna trochlear notch articulates with the humeral trochlea). It plays little, or no, role in hand movements.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Radius

A

The head of the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus at the elbow joint. The radius is the major forearm bone contributing to the wrist joint and when the radius moves the hand moves with it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Elevation

A

While holding a heavy book in each hand, lift both shoulders upwards to try to touch your ears

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Depression

A

Lift both shoulders, then roll your shoulders
backwards and downward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Protraction

A

In the prone position, raise your body off the floor by doing a push-up to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Retraction

A

In the raised push-up position, lower your body to the floor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Rotation

A

Upward rotation - raising your arms above your head

Downward rotation - lowering raised arms

35
Q

Flexion

A

Bring humerus forward and/or across the chest

36
Q

Extension

A

Reverse of flexion (for flexion and extension, think “rowing”)

37
Q

Abduction

A

Raise arm to the side

38
Q

Adduction

A

Bring humerus back towards the midline

39
Q

Circumduction

A

Trace out a cone with the arm

40
Q

Medial rotation and lateral rotation (of humerus)

A

Twisting motion of upper arm

41
Q

Elbow joint

A

The elbow joint is formed by the humerus, ulna and
radius. It is a hinge joint.

Movements of the forearm at the elbow:
* flexion
* extension

42
Q

The radioulnar joints

A

The radius and ulna form a pivot joint superiorly,
just below the elbow, and inferiorly, just above the
wrist.

The radius can rotate around the ulna at the joints. The resulting movements are:
* supination
* pronation

43
Q

Wrist joint (radiocarpal)

A

The distal end of the radius articulates with four of the carpal bones. These are condylar joints

Movements include:
* flexion and extension
* abduction and adduction
* circumduction

44
Q

Metacarpophalangeal joints

A

(knuckles at base of
fingers). These are condylar joints.

Movements include:
* flexion (e.g. in making a fist) and extension
* abduction (spreading fingers) and adduction
* circumduction

45
Q

Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

A

This is a saddle joint which has greater freedom of movement than condylar joints.

Movements include:
* flexion and extension
* abduction, adduction
* circumduction
* opposition/reposition

46
Q

Interphalangeal joints

A

(within the length of a
finger). These are hinge joints.

Movements include:
* flexion and extension

47
Q

Trapezius

A

Origin: occipital bone, cervical and thoracic
vertebrae
Insertion: clavicle, acromion and spine of scapula

Actions:
* elevation and depression of the scapula, i.e. elevation and
depression of the shoulder joint
* retraction of the scapula
* rotation of the scapula
* extension of the neck

48
Q

Latissimus dorsi

A

Origin: iliac crest of hip bone, lower thoracic and all lumbar vertebrae (T7-L5)
Insertion: humerus

Actions:
* adduction, extension and medial rotation of the humerus at the shoulder joint

49
Q

Pectoralis major

A

Origin: clavicle, sternum and upper ribs (2-6)
Insertion: greater tubercle and intertubercular sulcus
of the humerus.

Actions:
* adduction, flexion and medial rotation of the humerus at the shoulder joint

50
Q

Serratus anterior

A

Origin: ribs (1-8/9)
Insertion: entire anterior surface of the medial
(vertebral) border of the scapula

Actions:
* protraction - draws scapula (hence shoulder joint) forward
* rotates the scapula upward

51
Q

Deltoid

A

Origin: clavicle, acromion and spine of scapula
Insertion: deltoid tuberosity of the humerus (lateral aspect)

Action:
* abduction of the humerus at the shoulder joint

52
Q

Biceps brachii (parallel muscle)

A

Origin:
Long head: scapula, above the glenoid cavity
Short head: coracoid process
Insertion: radial tuberosity

Actions:
* strong flexor of the forearm at the elbow joint
* strong supinator of forearm

53
Q

Triceps brachii

A

Origin:
Long head: scapula, below the glenoid cavity
Lateral & medial heads: posterior surface of
humerus
Insertion: olecranon process of the ulna

Major action:
* extension of the forearm at the elbow joint

54
Q

Flexor digitorum superficialis

A

Location: the anterior compartment of the
forearm
Origin: medial epicondyle of the humerus,
ulna and radius
Insertion: anterior surfaces of phalanges

Action:
* flexion of the fingers

55
Q

Flexor pollicis longus

A

Location: the anterior compartment of the
forearm
Origin: radius (anterior shaft)
Insertion: distal phalanx of the thumb (anterior surface)

Action:
* flexion of the thumb

56
Q

Extensor digitorum

A

Location: the posterior compartment of the
forearm
Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: posterior surfaces of phalanges

Action:
* extension of the fingers

57
Q

Extensor pollicis longus

A

Location: the posterior compartment of the
forearm
Origin: ulna (posterior surface)
Insertion: distal phalanx of the thumb (posterior surface)

Action:
* extension of the thumb

58
Q

The Pelvis

A

▪ Hip bone: three components:
- Ilium
▪ iliac crest
▪ anterior superior and inferior iliac spines
▪ posterior superior and inferior iliac spines
- Ischium
▪ ischial tuberosity
- Pubis
▪ pubic symphysis
Acetabulum – socket at the point of fusion of the ilium, ischium and pubis,
receives the head of the femur
▪ Sacrum and coccyx: terminal parts of the vertebral column (axial skeleton)

59
Q

Femur

A

The femur is the longest bone in the body. It
articulates with the acetabulum of the hip
bone at one end and with the patella and tibia at the other.

60
Q

Patella

A

The patella is a triangular sesamoid bone enclosed in the quadriceps tendon.

61
Q

Tibia

A

The tibia (shinbone) receives the weight of
the body from the femur and transmits it to the foot. It is second only to the femur in size and strength.

62
Q

Fibula

A

The fibula is a stick-like bone that does not bear weight but is the site of attachment for several muscles.

63
Q

The Foot

A

▪ Tarsals (7 bones) including the calcaneus (heel) and talus
▪ Metatarsals (5 bones)
▪ Phalanges (14 bones total)

64
Q

Knee joint

A

The knee joint comprised of the femur, tibia
and patella, is a hinge joint.

Movements at the knee include:
* flexion
* extension
* some rotation in flexed position

65
Q

The tibiofibular joints

A

There are two joints between the tibia and
the fibula: a proximal (superior) joint below
the knee, and a distal (inferior) joint just
above the ankle.

66
Q

The ankle joint

A

The ankle joint is comprised of the tibia
(above and medially), the fibula (laterally) and the talus (inferiorly). The ankle joint is a hinge joint.

Movements at the ankle include:
* flexion (equivalent to dorsiflexion of the foot: lifting the foot at the ankle upwards towards the leg)
* extension (equivalent to plantar flexion of the foot: pushing the foot at the ankle downwards, pointing the toes)

67
Q

Quadriceps Femoris

A

Intermediate insertion: patella via the quadriceps tendon
Final insertion: tibial tuberosity via patellar
ligament

Actions:
* extension of the leg at the knee joint
* flexion of the thigh at the hip joint (rectus femoris only)

68
Q

Rectus femoris (bipennate muscle)

A

Origin: anterior inferior iliac spine

69
Q

Vastus lateralis

A

Origin: greater trochanter of the femur

70
Q

Vastus intermedius

A

Origin: anterior proximal femoral surface

71
Q

Vastus medialis

A

Origin: linea aspera of the femur

72
Q

Biceps femoris

A

Origin: ischial tuberosity (long head) and linea
aspera (short head)
Insertion: head of fibula and lateral condyle of
the tibia

73
Q

Semimembranosus

A

Origin: ischial tuberosity
Insertion: medial condyle of the tibia

74
Q

Semitendinosus muscles

A

Origin: ischial tuberosity
Insertion: proximal medial surface of the tibia

75
Q

Gluteus maximus

A

Origin: iliac crest, sacrum and coccyx
Insertion: gluteal tuberosity

Actions of the gluteal muscle group at the
hip joint include:
* extension of the thigh
(gluteus maximus only)
* abduction of the thigh
* rotation of the thigh

76
Q

Gluteus medius

A

Origin: ilium
Insertion: greater trochanter of femur

77
Q

Gluteus minimus

A

Origin: ilium
Insertion: greater trochanter of femur

78
Q

Adductor brevis

A

Origin: pubis
Insertion: linea aspera of the femur

Actions of the adductor muscle group at the
hip include:
* adduction of the thigh
* flexion of the thigh
* rotation of the thigh

79
Q

Adductor longus

A

Origin: pubis
Insertion: linea aspera of the femur

80
Q

Adductor magnus

A

Origin: pubis, ischium and ischial tuberosity
Insertion: linea aspera of the femur

81
Q

Tibialis anterior

A

Location: the anterior compartment of the leg
Origin: lateral condyle and anterior margin of
the tibia
Insertion: tarsus and first metatarsal

Actions:
* flexion of the ankle (dorsiflexion of the foot)
* inversion of the foot

82
Q

Gastrocnemius

A

Location: the posterior compartment of the leg
Origin: medial and lateral femoral condyles
Insertion: calcaneus via calcaneal (Achilles)
tendon

Actions:
* flexion of the leg at the knee joint (gastrocnemius only)
* extension of the ankle (plantar flexion of the foot)

83
Q

Soleus

A

Location: the posterior compartment of the leg
Origin: head and shaft of fibula, shaft of tibia
Insertion: calcaneus via the calcaneal (Achilles) tendon

84
Q
A

NUR1114 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions