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Practical Flashcards

1
Q

Frontal bone

A

Flat bone which forms the forehead and part of the orbits (eye sockets). Contains air-filled sinuses - these serve to reduce the weight of the skull.

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2
Q

Parietal bones

A

Four-sided bone forming the sides and roof of the skull.

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3
Q

Occipital bone

A

Forms back of the skull and part of its base. Includes:
* foramen magnum for passage of spinal cord
* occipital condyles for articulation with the first
cervical vertebra (atlas) and part of the
attachment (origin) of the trapezius muscle

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4
Q

Temporal bones

A

Form the sides and part of the base of the skull
Each temporal bone includes:
* external acoustic (auditory) meatus
* mastoid process
* temporomandibular joint (articulation with
mandible)
* zygomatic arch is formed by the joining of
processes from the temporal and the zygomatic bones

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5
Q

Maxilla (upper jaw)

A
  • The upper part of the maxilla forms the floor of
    the orbits (eye sockets)
  • The lower part of maxilla forms the hard palate
  • Carries upper row of teeth (16 in adult)
  • Contains sinuses
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6
Q

Mandible (lower jaw)

A
  • The body of the mandible carries the lower row of teeth (16)
  • The mandibular condyle (condylar process) of
    the mandible articulates with the temporal bone
    to form the joint of the jaw (temporomandibular
    joint)
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7
Q

Zygomatic bones

A

cheekbones

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8
Q

Zygomatic arch

A
  • Formed from a process of the zygomatic bone
    and a process of the temporal bone
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9
Q

Temporomandibular (jaw) joint

A

This joint is formed between the mandibular condyle and the temporal
bone.

Movements of the mandible include:
* elevation and depression (up and down)
* side to side
* retraction and protraction (retraction and protraction)

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10
Q

Atlanto-occipital joint

A

This joint is formed between the occipital condyles at the base of the skull, and the first cervical vertebra, also known as the “atlas”.

Movements at this joint are flexion and extension of the neck

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11
Q

Atlas – axis joint

A

This is the first intervertebral joint, between the first and second cervical vertebrae (C1- C2). Unlike all other intervertebral joints, this is a pivot joint.

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12
Q

The sternum (breastbone)

A

This is a long flat bone that runs down the front of the chest or thorax under the skin. Its superior end supports the clavicles (collarbones) and it also articulates (forms joints) with the first 7 pairs of ribs. The
sternum consists of 3 parts: the manubrium
(superiorly), the body, and the xiphoid process (inferiorly). The superior border of the manubrium is on the level of the second thoracic vertebra.

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13
Q

The ribs

A

There are 12 on each side Posteriorly, the ribs articulate with the 12 thoracic vertebrae, and run anteriorly towards the sternum. As the ribs run forward, bone gives way to cartilage (costal cartilage). Thus the first 7 ribs are articulated to the sternum through their costal cartilages. The next 3 ribs (i.e. 8, 9 and 10) connect indirectly with the sternum, again through costal cartilages. The last 2 ribs do not reach the sternum anteriorly, but end in the muscles of the abdominal wall at the side. The ribs and their costal cartilages, the sternum, and the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae form a cage (“ribcage”) which is
roughly conical.

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14
Q

Orbicularis oculi

A

Origin: medial margin of the orbit
Insertion: skin of the eyelid

The orbicularis oculi closes the eyes.

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15
Q

Orbicularis oris

A

Origin: maxilla and mandible
Insertion: skin at the corner of the mouth

The orbicularis oris closes the lips.

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16
Q

Buccinator (cheek - sucking)

A

Origin: maxilla and mandible
Insertion: fibres of the orbicularis oris

The buccinator compresses the cheek and thus allows sucking.

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17
Q

Masseter

A

Origin: zygomatic arch and zygomatic bone
Insertion: mandible

The masseter elevates the mandible.

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18
Q

Temporalis

A

Origin: temporal bone
Insertion: mandible

The temporalis muscle elevates and retracts
the mandible.

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19
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A

Origin: two heads - sternum and sternal end
of clavicle
Insertion: mastoid process of the temporal
bone

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20
Q

Trapezius

A

Origin: the skull (occipital bone), cervical and
thoracic vertebrae
Insertion: clavicle, acromion and spine of
scapula

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21
Q

External intercostal muscles

A

These muscles run downward and anteriorly.
Origin: inferior border of rib above
Insertion: superior border of rib below

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22
Q

Internal intercostal muscles

A

These muscles run downward and
posteriorly.
Origin: superior border of rib below
Insertion: inferior border of rib above

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23
Q

Diaphragm

A

Origin: the diaphragm is attached to the
xiphoid process, the lower ribs, and the first lumbar vertebra.
Insertion: a central tendon.

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24
Q

Rectus abdominis

A

Origin: superior surface of pubic bone.

Insertion: xiphoid process of the sternum,
costal cartilage of ribs 5-7.

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25
scapula
The scapula or shoulder blades are thin, triangular-shaped bones. The name is derived from a word meaning “spade” or “shovel” because ancient cultures made spades from the scapulae of animals.
26
clavicles
The clavicles are slender, curved bones that connect the upper limbs to the axial skeleton and are an anchor point for many muscles.
27
Humerus
The humerus is a typical long bone and is the longest bone of the upper limb. It articulates with the scapula at the shoulder (glenoid cavity) and with the radius and ulna at the elbow.
28
Ulna
The ulna is slightly longer than the radius and is the major forearm bone contributing to the elbow joint, articulating with the humerus (the ulna trochlear notch articulates with the humeral trochlea). It plays little, or no, role in hand movements.
29
Radius
The head of the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus at the elbow joint. The radius is the major forearm bone contributing to the wrist joint and when the radius moves the hand moves with it.
30
Elevation
While holding a heavy book in each hand, lift both shoulders upwards to try to touch your ears
31
Depression
Lift both shoulders, then roll your shoulders backwards and downward
32
Protraction
In the prone position, raise your body off the floor by doing a push-up to
33
Retraction
In the raised push-up position, lower your body to the floor
34
Rotation
Upward rotation - raising your arms above your head Downward rotation - lowering raised arms
35
Flexion
Bring humerus forward and/or across the chest
36
Extension
Reverse of flexion (for flexion and extension, think “rowing”)
37
Abduction
Raise arm to the side
38
Adduction
Bring humerus back towards the midline
39
Circumduction
Trace out a cone with the arm
40
Medial rotation and lateral rotation (of humerus)
Twisting motion of upper arm
41
Elbow joint
The elbow joint is formed by the humerus, ulna and radius. It is a hinge joint. Movements of the forearm at the elbow: * flexion * extension
42
The radioulnar joints
The radius and ulna form a pivot joint superiorly, just below the elbow, and inferiorly, just above the wrist. The radius can rotate around the ulna at the joints. The resulting movements are: * supination * pronation
43
Wrist joint (radiocarpal)
The distal end of the radius articulates with four of the carpal bones. These are condylar joints Movements include: * flexion and extension * abduction and adduction * circumduction
44
Metacarpophalangeal joints
(knuckles at base of fingers). These are condylar joints. Movements include: * flexion (e.g. in making a fist) and extension * abduction (spreading fingers) and adduction * circumduction
45
Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
This is a saddle joint which has greater freedom of movement than condylar joints. Movements include: * flexion and extension * abduction, adduction * circumduction * opposition/reposition
46
Interphalangeal joints
(within the length of a finger). These are hinge joints. Movements include: * flexion and extension
47
Trapezius
Origin: occipital bone, cervical and thoracic vertebrae Insertion: clavicle, acromion and spine of scapula Actions: * elevation and depression of the scapula, i.e. elevation and depression of the shoulder joint * retraction of the scapula * rotation of the scapula * extension of the neck
48
Latissimus dorsi
Origin: iliac crest of hip bone, lower thoracic and all lumbar vertebrae (T7-L5) Insertion: humerus Actions: * adduction, extension and medial rotation of the humerus at the shoulder joint
49
Pectoralis major
Origin: clavicle, sternum and upper ribs (2-6) Insertion: greater tubercle and intertubercular sulcus of the humerus. Actions: * adduction, flexion and medial rotation of the humerus at the shoulder joint
50
Serratus anterior
Origin: ribs (1-8/9) Insertion: entire anterior surface of the medial (vertebral) border of the scapula Actions: * protraction - draws scapula (hence shoulder joint) forward * rotates the scapula upward
51
Deltoid
Origin: clavicle, acromion and spine of scapula Insertion: deltoid tuberosity of the humerus (lateral aspect) Action: * abduction of the humerus at the shoulder joint
52
Biceps brachii (parallel muscle)
Origin: Long head: scapula, above the glenoid cavity Short head: coracoid process Insertion: radial tuberosity Actions: * strong flexor of the forearm at the elbow joint * strong supinator of forearm
53
Triceps brachii
Origin: Long head: scapula, below the glenoid cavity Lateral & medial heads: posterior surface of humerus Insertion: olecranon process of the ulna Major action: * extension of the forearm at the elbow joint
54
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Location: the anterior compartment of the forearm Origin: medial epicondyle of the humerus, ulna and radius Insertion: anterior surfaces of phalanges Action: * flexion of the fingers
55
Flexor pollicis longus
Location: the anterior compartment of the forearm Origin: radius (anterior shaft) Insertion: distal phalanx of the thumb (anterior surface) Action: * flexion of the thumb
56
Extensor digitorum
Location: the posterior compartment of the forearm Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus Insertion: posterior surfaces of phalanges Action: * extension of the fingers
57
Extensor pollicis longus
Location: the posterior compartment of the forearm Origin: ulna (posterior surface) Insertion: distal phalanx of the thumb (posterior surface) Action: * extension of the thumb
58
The Pelvis
▪ Hip bone: three components: - Ilium ▪ iliac crest ▪ anterior superior and inferior iliac spines ▪ posterior superior and inferior iliac spines - Ischium ▪ ischial tuberosity - Pubis ▪ pubic symphysis Acetabulum – socket at the point of fusion of the ilium, ischium and pubis, receives the head of the femur ▪ Sacrum and coccyx: terminal parts of the vertebral column (axial skeleton)
59
Femur
The femur is the longest bone in the body. It articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone at one end and with the patella and tibia at the other.
60
Patella
The patella is a triangular sesamoid bone enclosed in the quadriceps tendon.
61
Tibia
The tibia (shinbone) receives the weight of the body from the femur and transmits it to the foot. It is second only to the femur in size and strength.
62
Fibula
The fibula is a stick-like bone that does not bear weight but is the site of attachment for several muscles.
63
The Foot
▪ Tarsals (7 bones) including the calcaneus (heel) and talus ▪ Metatarsals (5 bones) ▪ Phalanges (14 bones total)
64
Knee joint
The knee joint comprised of the femur, tibia and patella, is a hinge joint. Movements at the knee include: * flexion * extension * some rotation in flexed position
65
The tibiofibular joints
There are two joints between the tibia and the fibula: a proximal (superior) joint below the knee, and a distal (inferior) joint just above the ankle.
66
The ankle joint
The ankle joint is comprised of the tibia (above and medially), the fibula (laterally) and the talus (inferiorly). The ankle joint is a hinge joint. Movements at the ankle include: * flexion (equivalent to dorsiflexion of the foot: lifting the foot at the ankle upwards towards the leg) * extension (equivalent to plantar flexion of the foot: pushing the foot at the ankle downwards, pointing the toes)
67
Quadriceps Femoris
Intermediate insertion: patella via the quadriceps tendon Final insertion: tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament Actions: * extension of the leg at the knee joint * flexion of the thigh at the hip joint (rectus femoris only)
68
Rectus femoris (bipennate muscle)
Origin: anterior inferior iliac spine
69
Vastus lateralis
Origin: greater trochanter of the femur
70
Vastus intermedius
Origin: anterior proximal femoral surface
71
Vastus medialis
Origin: linea aspera of the femur
72
Biceps femoris
Origin: ischial tuberosity (long head) and linea aspera (short head) Insertion: head of fibula and lateral condyle of the tibia
73
Semimembranosus
Origin: ischial tuberosity Insertion: medial condyle of the tibia
74
Semitendinosus muscles
Origin: ischial tuberosity Insertion: proximal medial surface of the tibia
75
Gluteus maximus
Origin: iliac crest, sacrum and coccyx Insertion: gluteal tuberosity Actions of the gluteal muscle group at the hip joint include: * extension of the thigh (gluteus maximus only) * abduction of the thigh * rotation of the thigh
76
Gluteus medius
Origin: ilium Insertion: greater trochanter of femur
77
Gluteus minimus
Origin: ilium Insertion: greater trochanter of femur
78
Adductor brevis
Origin: pubis Insertion: linea aspera of the femur Actions of the adductor muscle group at the hip include: * adduction of the thigh * flexion of the thigh * rotation of the thigh
79
Adductor longus
Origin: pubis Insertion: linea aspera of the femur
80
Adductor magnus
Origin: pubis, ischium and ischial tuberosity Insertion: linea aspera of the femur
81
Tibialis anterior
Location: the anterior compartment of the leg Origin: lateral condyle and anterior margin of the tibia Insertion: tarsus and first metatarsal Actions: * flexion of the ankle (dorsiflexion of the foot) * inversion of the foot
82
Gastrocnemius
Location: the posterior compartment of the leg Origin: medial and lateral femoral condyles Insertion: calcaneus via calcaneal (Achilles) tendon Actions: * flexion of the leg at the knee joint (gastrocnemius only) * extension of the ankle (plantar flexion of the foot)
83
Soleus
Location: the posterior compartment of the leg Origin: head and shaft of fibula, shaft of tibia Insertion: calcaneus via the calcaneal (Achilles) tendon
84

NUR1114 (17 decks)

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