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2.2 Cellular Pathology > Practical 1: Morphology > Flashcards

Practical 1: Morphology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of epithelia

A

Covering epithelia and glandular epithelia

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2
Q

How do we distinguish epithelia types
(3)

A

By their expression of cytokeratins

Pan cytokeratin antibodies will show all epithelia

Specific cytokines are expressed in specific cell types

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3
Q

How are epithelial cells specialised for their function?
(3)

A

Structural modification of their surface

Special types of junctional complexes

Internal modifications (associated with manufacture or secretion)

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4
Q

What two statements can be said about all epithelial cells?

A

All cells rest upon a basement membrane

All epithelia are a-vascular

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5
Q

What is the basis behind the classification of covering epithelia

A

Covering epithelia are classified based on:

The number of layers

The shape of the surface cells

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6
Q

What are the two classifications of covering epithelia based on their number of layers

A

Single layer = simple epithelium

Multiple layers = stratified epithelium

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7
Q

How is covering epithelium classified based on surface cells?
(3)

A

Flat plate like = squamous

Height = width = cuboidal

Height > width = columnar

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8
Q

Describe simple epithelia

A

Epithelia that are one cell thick

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9
Q

Describe pseudo-stratified epithelia

A

Epithelia that appear to be more than one cell thick but all the cells rest on the basement membrane

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10
Q

Describe stratified epithelia

A

These are many cells thick

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11
Q

Describe squamous epithelia

A

Epithelia made up of flattened cells shaped like paving stones or ‘fried eggs’

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12
Q

Describe cuboidal epithelia

A

Epithelia made up of isodiametric cells

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13
Q

Describe columnar epithelia

A

Epithelia made up of cells that are taller than they are wide

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14
Q

Describe transitional epithelia

A

Made up of cells that change their shape when the epithelium is stretched

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15
Q

What is glandular epithelium?
(3)

A

Cells specialised in producing a fluid secretion that differs in composition from blood or intercellular fluid

The chemical nature of this secretion may be protein, lipid or a complex of carbohydrate and protein

Some glands such as the mammary gland secrete all three substances

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16
Q

How do gland cells function
(2)

A

Gland cells produce and expel secretions to an extra-cellular compartment

These secretions are products that are not used by the cell itself but are of importance to the organism

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17
Q

What type of epithelium are glands derived from and how does this process occur
(3)

A

Glands are always derived from covering epithelia

Derived by means of cell proliferation and invasion of sub-adjacent connective tissue

This is then followed by further differentiation to form the actual gland

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18
Q

What are the different classifications of glandular epithelium

A

Single cell glands

Multicellular glands

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19
Q

What are single cell glands

A

Glands associated with surface epithelium

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20
Q

Give an example of a single cell gland

A

Goblet cell

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21
Q

What are multicellular glands?
(3)

A

Glands made of more than 1 secretory cells

Embedded within underlying connective tissue

Divided into two types: exocrine and endocrine

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22
Q

What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?

A

Endocrine have ducts

Exocrine are ductless

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23
Q

What are the two cell populations seen in connective tissue?

A

Resident cell populations

Transient cell populations

24
Q

What cells make up the resident cell population of connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts and fribrocytes

Macrophages

Mast cells

Chromatophores (pigment)

Adipocytes

25
Q

What four cells make up the transient cell population of connective tissue?

A

Plasma cells

Eosinophils

Neutrophils

Lymphocytes

26
Q

Comment on fibroblasts and fibrocytes as a cell population

A

Most important and most common connective tissue cell

27
Q

What do fibroblasts do?

A

They actively produce the extracellular matrix (ECM), fibres and groundsubstance

28
Q

How do you identify fibroblasts

A

They have prominent nucleoli and a basophilic cytoplasm

29
Q

How do you identify fibrocytes

A

They are involved in the maintenance of the extra cellular matrix

They can differentiate into other types of CT cell

30
Q

List the three types of connective tissue fibres produced by fibroblasts

A

Collagen fibres

Reticular fibres

Elastic fibres

31
Q

Write a note on collagen fibres
(3)

A

15 different types

High tensile strength/low elasticity

Fibres arranged in bundles

32
Q

What do reticular fibres do?

A

They provide a delicate framework in lymph nodes, liver and spleen and around blood vessels and nerves

33
Q

What do elastic fibres do?

A

Provide strength and can stretch and recoil

34
Q

What are the four types of connective tissue

A

Loose (areolar) CT

Dense (irregular and regular) CT - common

Reticular CT

Adipose CT

35
Q

How is connective tissue categorised

A

Based on variation in quantity and arrangement of fibres associated with the extracellular matrix

36
Q

Where is muscle found in the body
(3)

A

Walls of hallow organs

Muscles associated with the skeleton

Heart

37
Q

What are the three types of muscle fibres

A

Smooth

Skeletal (striated)

Cardiac (striated)

38
Q

What are the two types of muscle

A

Voluntary

Involuntary

39
Q

List the six functions of the liver

A

Regulation of blood glucose levels

Regulation of blood lipid levels

Synthesis of plasma proteins

Detoxification

Excretion (blood filtering)

Exocrine secretion

40
Q

What type of connective tissue is found in the liver

A

Reticular fibres

41
Q

What are the three regions of the respiratory system?

A

Conducting airways

Transitional region

Gas exchange surfaces

42
Q

What structures make up the conducting airway of the lung
(8)

A

Nose
Nasal cavity
Nasopharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Two primary bronchi
Lobar Bronchi
Bronchioles

43
Q

What structure makes up the transitional region of the lung

A

Respiratory bronchioles

44
Q

What three regions make up the gas exchange surfaces

A

Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli

45
Q

What is the role of mucous in the respiratory system
(4)

A

Goblet cells and sub-mucosal glands form the mucus sheet

Particulate matter becomes trapped in this sheet

Mucous is wafter towards pharynx via mucocillary escalator

Serous glands moisten inhaled air

46
Q

What does BALT stand for

A

Bronchial associated lymphoid tissue in lamina propria

47
Q

Describe the structure of the bronchioles
(6)

A

No cartilage

Smooth muscle

Pseudo stratified ciliated columnar

No seromucous glands

Goblet cells starting to disappear

Clara (Club) cells appear

48
Q

What are alvoeli

A

Sac like pockets lined by simple squamous epithelium

Type 1 pneumocytes

Type 2 pneumocyte

49
Q

What is a type 1 pneumocyte

A

Squamous alveolar cell

97% of alveoli

50
Q

What is a type 2 pneumocyte

A

Septal cells
3% of alveoli
Produce surfactant
Reduce surface tension

51
Q

What are the four layers of the GI tract

A

Mucosa

Submucosa

Muscularis Externa

Serosa/adventitia

52
Q

What is the mucosa

A

Epithelium

53
Q

What is the submucosa

A

Connective tissue + blood vessels + glands

54
Q

What is the muscularis externa of the GIT

A

Inner circular muscle

Outer longitudinal muscle

55
Q

What is the serosa/adventita

A

A serous membrane inside the body cavity

A loose layer of CT outside the body cavity

2.2 Cellular Pathology (29 decks)

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