Practical 1: Cellular Alterations In Disease Flashcards
What are the different changes that can occur to cells
Alterations to the cells
Alterations to the cell distribution
Alterations to the stroma
Alterations in cell number
What are two different categories of alteration to the cells
Genetic or phenotypic
List some genetic/phenotypic changes that can happen to cells
(6)
Enlargement
Shrinkage
Development of accumulations
Proliferation
Death
Unusual structural features
What is meant be changes in cell distribution and give a reason for this type of change
Changes in cell types present, commonly due
to immune cell infiltration or stromal cell increases
What is meant be changes in stroma
Changes in the fibres present, deposits and
accumulates that would not be present in healthy tissue.
What are three examples of changes in cell number
Proliferation, Apoptosis and Necrosis
Define proliferation
Cell proliferation is the process that results in an increase of the number of cells, and is defined by the balance between cell divisions and cell loss through cell death or differentiation.
Pathological proliferation is seen following tissue damage
Define apoptosis
(4)
Programmed cell death is termed apoptosis
It is a complicated process in which nuclei condense and fragmentation of the cell occurs forming apoptotic bodies.
The cytoplasmic organelles remain intact during these events.
Apoptosis is a physiological event but may be induced by pathological conditions e.g. malignancy, infection
Define necrosis
Accidental cell death – necrosis - occurs when a cell is damaged as a consequence of some injurious stimulus e.g. when it is deprived of oxygen.
The cell and cytoplasmic organelles swell and rupture, spilling their contents into the surrounding environment
Define necrosis
Accidental cell death – necrosis - occurs when a cell is damaged as a consequence of some injurious stimulus e.g. when it is deprived of oxygen.
The cell and cytoplasmic organelles swell and rupture, spilling their contents into the surrounding environment
Define hyperplasia
Increase in the number of cells in response to increased functional demands
Define neoplasia
When inappropriate or excessive cellular growth persists in the absence of any continuing stimulus the resulting tissue mass is termed a neoplasm
What are the stages to apoptosis?
Cell shrinkage and DNA fragmentation
Membrane blebbing
Apoptotic bodies
Phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies
