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Practical 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of Covering and Lining Epithelium

A

Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar, Pseudostratified, Transitional

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2
Q

What are the types of Glandular Epithelium

A

Exocrine Glands
Endocrine Glands

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3
Q

Describe the human body in anatomical position

A

Standing upright, feet shoulder width apart, toes forward, upper limbs held out to each side, palms of the hands face forward

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4
Q

Superior

A

Closer to the head

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5
Q

Inferior

A

Closer to the toes

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6
Q

Proximal

A

Position in a limb nearer to the torso

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7
Q

Distal

A

Position in a limb further from the torso

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8
Q

Anterior (Ventral)

A

Direction toward the front of the body

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9
Q

Posterior (Dorsal)

A

Direction towards the back of the body

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10
Q

Medial

A

Closer to the midline of the body

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11
Q

Lateral

A

Further from the midline of the body

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12
Q

Superficial

A

Closer to the surface of the body

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13
Q

Deep

A

Further from the surface of the body

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14
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side of the body

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15
Q

Contralateral

A

On opposite side of the body

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16
Q

Axial

A

Head, neck, trunkC

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17
Q

Cephalic

A

Head

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18
Q

Vertebral

A

Spinal column area

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19
Q

Cervical

A

Neck

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20
Q

Thoracic

A

Chest

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21
Q

Lumbar

A

lower back

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22
Q

Abdominal

A

Anterior trunk, inferior to ribs

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23
Q

Pelvic

A

Pelvis

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24
Q

Pubic

A

Genital area

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25
Q

Appendicular

A

Upper and lower extremities

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26
Q

Brachial

A

Between shoulder and elbow

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27
Q

Antebrachial

A

Between elbow and wrist

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28
Q

Antecubital

A

Anterior surface of elbow

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29
Q

Axillary

A

Armpit

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30
Q

Carpal

A

Wrist

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31
Q

Digital

A

Fingers and toes

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32
Q

Femoral

A

Thigh

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33
Q

Patellar

A

Anterior surface of knee

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33
Q

Inguinal

A

Groin

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34
Q

Gluteal

A

Buttocks

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35
Q

Popliteal

A

Posterior surface of knee

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35
Q

Fibular or peroneal

A

Lateral side of leg

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36
Q

Calcaneal

A

Heel

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37
Q

Plantar

A

Sole of foot

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38
Q

Scapula

A

Shoulder blades

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39
Q

What cavities are within the dorsal cavity

A

Cranial cavity
Vertebral cavity

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40
Q

Vertebral cavity organs

A

Spinal Cord

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41
Q

Cranial cavity organs

A

Brain

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42
Q

What cavities are within the ventral cavity

A

Thoracic cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity

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43
Q

What cavities are within the thoracic cavity

A

Pleural cavities
Mediastinum
Pericardial cavity

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44
Q

What cavities are within the abdominopelvic cavity

A

Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity

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45
Q

Pleural cavity organs

A

Lungs (One cavity for each)

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46
Q

Mediastinum cavity organs

A

Esophagus

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47
Q

Pericardial cavity organs

A

Heart

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48
Q

Abdominal cavity organs

A

Appendix
Gallbladder
Intestines
Liver
Pancreas
Spleen
Stomach

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49
Q

Pelvic cavity organs

A

Reproductive organs
Urethra
Urinary bladder

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50
Q

9 regions

A

Right hypochondriac region
Right lumbar region
Right iliac Region
Epigastric region
Umbilical region
Hypogastric region
Left hypochondriac
Left lumbar
Left iliac region Right

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51
Q

4 Quadrants

A

Right upper
Right lower
Left Upper
Left lower

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52
Q

What quadrant is the appendix in

A

Right lower

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53
Q

What quadrant is the large intestine in

A

All

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54
Q

What quadrant is the liver in

A

Right upper

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55
Q

What quadrant are the ovaries in

A

Right and left lower extremity

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56
Q

What quadrant is the pancreas in

A

Left upper

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57
Q

What quadrant is the small intestine in

A

Right and Left lower

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58
Q

What quadrant is the spleen in

A

Left upper

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59
Q

What quadrant is the stomach in

A

Left upper

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60
Q

What body cavity would be opened?
Removing a cancerous lung lobe

A

Pleural cavities

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61
Q

What body cavity would be opened?
Removal of uterus

A

Pelvic cavity

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62
Q

What body cavity would be opened?
Removal of a brain tumor

A

Cranial cavity

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63
Q

What body cavity would be opened?
Appendectomy

A

Abdominal cavity

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64
Q

What body cavity would be opened?
Stomach ulcer operation

A

Abdominal cavity

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65
Q

What body cavity would be opened?
Removal of cancerous prostate gland

A

Pelvic cavity

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66
Q

What body cavity would be opened?
Coronary bypass surgery

A

Pericardial cavity

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67
Q

What body cavity would be opened?
Remove distal area of colon

A

Pelvic cavity

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68
Q

What body cavity would be opened?
Gallbladder removal

A

Abdominal cavity

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69
Q

What body cavity would be opened?
Pancreas surgery

A

Abdominal cavity

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70
Q

Saggital plane

A

Vertical plane that splits the body into left and right

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71
Q

Frontal (coronal) plane

A

Vertical plane splits the body into front and back

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72
Q

Transverse plane

A

Horizontal plane splits body into superior and inferior

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73
Q

List some real-life applications of anatomical sections

A

Kinesiology, biomechanics, surgery, imaging

74
Q

Which plane(s) would provide a simultaneous view of the internal anatomy of both kidney

A

Frontal
Transverse

75
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissues

76
Q

4 Types of tissue

A

Nervous
Epithelium
Connective
Muscle

77
Q

Apical

A

Layer of cells that come in contact with an external surface or lumen

78
Q

Basal

A

“Basement layer”
Furthest from external surface or luman

79
Q

Ciliated

A

Hairlike protrusions that assist in movement along the surface

80
Q

Keratinized

A

Keratin replaces the cytoplasm
Results in epithelial cells get closer to the surface they start to die, become harder, and waterproof

81
Q

Squamous shape

A

Flat
Scale-like

82
Q

Cuboidal shape

83
Q

Columnar shape

A

Longer than they are wide

84
Q

Epithelium cells

A

Line a cavity, lumen, or external surface
Basal layer connects to connective tissue
Avascular (no blood flow) but innervated
Regenerate often at lower layers

85
Q

Pseudostratified

A

Looks similar to simple columnar
May look stratified but is one layer

86
Q

Transitional

A

Looks similar to stratified squamous but apical layer is more cuboidal

87
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Ductless
Hormone is released into space around it
Is picked up by the cardiovascular system

88
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Have ducts
Oil, sweat
Substances released onto surface of skin

89
Q

Types of muscular tissue

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

90
Q

What to look for to identify types of muscular tissue

A

Striations
Nuclei (uni/multi)
Shape
-Spindle
-Cylindrical
-Branching

91
Q

Contents of nervous tissue

A

Neuroglia (little specks)
Neuron: Body, axon, dendrites

92
Q

Muscular system organs and function

A

Skeletal muscles, tendons
Contracts to produce movement

93
Q

Cardiovascular system organs and function

A

Heart, blood vessels, blood
Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and equalizes body temp.

94
Q

Lymphatic system organs and function

A

Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, etc.
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels; houses cells of immune response

95
Q

Endocrine system organs and function

A

Pituitary, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal glands; gonads, pancreas
Produces chemical messengers that are released into blood to control body processes

96
Q

Reproductive system organs and function

A

Male: Testes, etc.
Female: Ovaries, etc.
Produce sex hormones and gametes
Male: Deliver gametes to female
Female: Support embryo/fetus. Produce milk

97
Q

Skeletal system organs and function

A

Bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints
Support and enable body movement

98
Q

Nervous system organs and function

A

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors
Allows body to detect and respond to environment changes via electrical impulse transmission

99
Q

Urinary system organs and function

A

Kidneys, urinary bladder
Rids body of waste; maintains water, electrolyte and acid-base balance

100
Q

Respiratory system organs and function

A

Nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
Delivers oxygen to blood, removed carbon dioxide from body

101
Q

Digestive system organs and function

A

Stomach, liver, gallbladder, large and small intestines
Breaks down and absorbs food; removes undigested waste

102
Q

Integumentary system organs and function

A

Hair, Skin, Nails
External body covering that protects underlying tissue

103
Q

What are the main structural components of the plasma membrane

A

Phospholipids
Proteins
Carbohydrates

104
Q

What can pass through the semipermeable membrane

A

Small
Nonpolar
Hydrophobic
(lipids, oxygen, carbon dioxide, gases, alcohol)

105
Q

What cannot pass through the semipermeable membrane

A

Large
Hydrophilic/Water soluble
Polar
(Glucose, amino acids, electrolytes)
Hydrophobic tails repel them

106
Q

Passive vs Active transport

A

P: Driven by concentration or pressure differences (No ATP needed)
A: Powered by energy (ATP) provided by the cell

107
Q

Diffusion

A

The movement of particles from an area of high to low concentration

108
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Mechanism of molecules moving across a cell membrane from the side where they are more concentrated to where they are less

109
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

The diffusion process used for substances that cannot cross the lipid bilayer due to their size, charge, and/or polarity

110
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane

111
Q

Hypertonic

A

A solution that has a higher concentration of solutes than another solution

112
Q

Hypotonic

A

A solution that has a lower concentration of solutes than another solution

113
Q

Isotonic

A

Two solutions that have the same concentration of solutes

114
Q

Crenation/crenated

A

Formation of notched surfaces on cells due to water loss through osmosis

115
Q

Cell lysis

A

Cells burst due to excess water in the cell

116
Q

Filtration

A

Using a hydrostatic pressure gradient that pushes the fluid from a higher pressure to a lower

117
Q

Primary active transport

A

Moves molecules across a membrane against its concentration gradient using ATP from the cell

118
Q

Secondary active transport

A

Indirectly uses ATP
Uses energy stored in a electrochemical gradient created by primary active transport

119
Q

Endocytosis

A

Cells bring materials into the cell by forming vesicles and pinching off into the cell

120
Q

Exocytosis

A

Molecules are transported out of the cell by vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane, releasing their contents

121
Q

Cytoplasmic contents: 0.9% NaCl
Bathing solution: 5% NaCl

A

Bathing Solution % NaCl decreases
Cytoplasm % NaCl Increase
Hypertonic solution Water leaves the cell
Cell crenates

122
Q

Cytoplasmic Contents: 0.9% NaCl
Bathing solution: Distilled water

A

Bathing Solution % NaCl: Increase
Cytoplasm % NaCl: Decrease
Hypotonic solution
Cell lysis

123
Q

Mitochondria function

A

Convert energy stored in nutrient molecules into ATP

124
Q

Ribosome function

A

Site of protein synthesis

125
Q

Smooth ER Function

A

Lipid synthesis

126
Q

Rough ER Function

A

Protein synthesis (has ribosomes attached)

127
Q

Golgi Apparatus function

A

Sorts and ships proteins from the rough er

128
Q

Lysosomes Function

A

Break down materials

129
Q

Centrioles Function

A

Organize microtubules

130
Q

Cytoskeleton Function

A

Group of fibrous proteins provide structural support

131
Q

Nucleus Function

A

Contains cells DNA

132
Q

Two types of epithelia

A

Covering/Lining: Covers the surface of the body and lining body cavities
Glandular: Forms many of the bodys glands

133
Q

Is there an apical space?

A

Yes: Epithelial
No: Connective, Muscle, Nervous

134
Q

Is epithelial tissue defined by apical or basal shape

135
Q

If there is no apical space, is there striations?

A

Yes: Cardiac or Skeletal Muscle tissue
No: Smooth muscle, Loose/Dense connective, Cartilag

136
Q

Does it have intercalated discs?

A

Yes: Cardiac
No: Skeletal

137
Q

Types of connective tissue

A

CT Proper, Cartilage, Bone, Blood

138
Q

Types of loose connective tissue

A

Areolar, Adipose, Reticular

138
Q

Types of Cartilage connective tissue

A

Hyaline, Fibrocartilage

138
Q

Types of dense connective tissue

A

Regular, Irregular, Elastic

139
Q

Types of Muscle tissue

A

Skeletal
Smooth

140
Q

Simple Squamous location and function

A

Location: Lines blood vessels and the alveoli of the lungs
Function: Allows diffusion

141
Q

Simple Cuboidal Location and function

A

Lines ducts and glands, kidney tubules
Absorption, secretion, protection

142
Q

Nonciliated Simple Columnar Location and Function

A

Stomach, small intestine, large intestine
Absorption and secretion

143
Q

Ciliated simple columnar

A

Respiratory tract, Female reproductive system
Moves fluids and substances with help from cilia

144
Q

nonciliated pseudostratified columnar
Function and location

A

Male reproductive system
Urethra
Mucus secretions

145
Q

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar location and function

A

Trachea, nasal passages, bronchi
Traps and moves particles, secretions, and cells

146
Q

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous location and function

A

Moist internal surfaces
Mouth
Esophagus
Vagina
Protection and lubrication

147
Q

Keratinized stratified squamous location and function

A

Skin
Protection
Waterproof
Repair from injury

148
Q

Transitional Epithelium location and function

A

Urinary bladder
Stretch and expand

149
Q

Skeletal Muscle Tissue features

A

Cylindrical
Striations, no intercalated tissues, multinucleated
Attached to bones, responsible for voluntary movement

150
Q

Skeletal and cardiac muscle look very similar, what is the difference

A

Cardiac muscle has faint intercalated discs

151
Q

Cardiac muscle features

A

Branching
Striated, multinucleated, intercalated discs
Wall of the heart
Contraction propels blood through body

152
Q

Smooth muscle features

A

No striations
Spindle shaped
Single nucleate
Walls of hollow organs
Propels substances through organs by contracting

153
Q

Nervous tissue features

A

Branched cells
Supporting cells (neuroglia) dots
Cytoplasm drawn out (axon and dendrites)
Respond to stimuli
Pass along electrical signals
Brain, Spinal cord, nerves

154
Q

Why are skeletal and cardiac muscles striated

A

Organized arrangement of Actin and myosin filaments

155
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

Connective tissue
Gives flexibility, strength, elasticity
Ground substance
Supporting fiber
-Collagen
-Elastic
-Reticular (fine collagen)

156
Q

Types of CT Proper

A

Loose
Dense

157
Q

Areolar connective tissue features

A

CT Proper type
Loose
Gel-like matrix
Collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers
Wraps/cushions organs, phagocytosis
Under epithelium, packages organs, surrounds capillaries,

158
Q

Adipose Connective tissue

A

CT proper
Loose
Gel-like matrix
No fibers
Adipocytes grow and push nuclei to edge
Reserve fuel, insulate
Support and protect organs
Hypodermis, Kidneys, eyeballs, abdomen, breast tissue

159
Q

Reticular Connective Tissue features

A

Loose
Loose ground substance matrix
Reticular fibers
Support WBC
Mast cells and macrophages
Fibers form soft skeleton that support other cells
Lymph organs (Spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow)

160
Q

Dense regular CT Features

A

CT Proper
Matrix harder than areolar and adipose
Parallel collagen and elastic fibers
Great tensile strength in one direction
Tendons and most ligaments

161
Q

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue features

A

CT Proper
Matrix harder than areolar and adipose
Collagen and elastic fibers go in different directions
Fibroblast cells
Multi-directional tension
Fibrous joint capsules
Dermis
Digestive tract

162
Q

Elastic Connective tissue

A

CT Proper
Dense
Matrix harder than adipose and areolar
Aligned collagen and elastic fibers
Allows for recoil, aids passive recoil of lungs
Walls of large arteries, vertebra, bronchial tubes

163
Q

Hyaline cartilage features

A

Firm matrix
Collagen fibers
Chondroblasts
Supports and reinforces, resists compression
Skeleton
End of long bones
Nose

164
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Matrix is slightly less firm than hyaline
Thick collagen fibers
Supports against tensile strength
Spine discs, knee joint disc, pubic synthesis

165
Q

Elastic cartilage features

A

Firm matrix
Collagen and elastic fibers
Maintains shape while allowing flexibility
External ear, epiglottis

166
Q

Bone features

A

CT
Matrix is hard and calcified
Collagen fibers
Osteocytes in lacunae
Supports and protects, store calcium
Marrow= Site for hematopoeisis (blood cell formation)

167
Q

Blood features

A

CT
Matrix: RBC and WBC in fluid matrix
Respiratory gas, nutrients, waste, other substance transportation
Blood within vessels

168
Q

General functions of integumentary system

A

-Protection
-Regulation of body temp (exocrine/sweat glands)
-Vitamin D synthesis
-Water storage in skin cells
-Stimulus detection

169
Q

Where is the oil gland in the hair diagram

A

attached to the hair follicle

170
Q

Where is the sensory nerve fiber in the hair diagram

A

Branching from the arrector pilli muscle

171
Q

Where is the eccrine (sweat gland) located in the hair diagram

A

Squigly knot in dermis

172
Q

Papillary vs Reticular dermis

A

Papillary is at the top of the dermis
Reticular is at the bottom of the dermis

173
Q

Layers of the skin top to bottom

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis

174
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis top to bottom

A

Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum (only some places)
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale

175
Q

Stratum basale features

A

Bottom layer
Bonds to dermis with collagen fibers
Melanocytes

176
Q

Stratum spinosum features

A

Second deepest layer
Desmosomes interlock to strengthen bonds between cells
8-10 layers
Keratinocytes

177
Q

Stratum granulosum features

A

3-5 Layers keratinocytes are becoming flatter
Granules

178
Q

Stratum lucidum features

A

Only in thick skin
Thin layer
Keratinocytes dead and flat

179
Q

Stratum corneum features

A

15-30 Layers
Dead keratinized cells
Shed periodically

180
Q

Is there bloodflow to the epidermis

181
Q

Which type of epithelium makes up the epidermis

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

182
Q

Which type of connective tissue makes up the papillary region of the dermis

A

Loose areolar connective tissue

183
Q

Which type of connective tissue comprises the reticular region

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

A&P Lab (1 decks)

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