Practical 1 Flashcards
Learn back muscles, thoracic cavity, and organs
What are the parts of the vertebral column?
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
sacrum
coccyx
What are the spinal curvatures?
thoracic and sacral (kyphosis)
cervical and lumbar (lordosis)
What are the parts of a vertebrae?
body, arch, pedicles, laminae, intervertebral foramen, and spinous, transverse and articular processes
What does the body and arch form?
vertebral foramen
What does a line of vertebral foramen form?
vertebral column
What forms the intervertebral discs?
annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposes
Functions of the intervertebral disc?
- hold vertebral bodies together
- shock absorption
- allow small movements that add to allow for greater movement
What are the vertebral ligaments?
anterior longitudinal and posterior longitudinal ligament, and ligaments flava
What are the characteristics of cervical vertebra?
small body
large and triangular vertebral foramen
What are the first two cervical vertebra?
C1 - atlas
C2 - axis
What are characteristics of thoracic vertebra?
increased body size T1-T12
small, circular foramen
long and strong transverse processes
long spinous processes
What are characteristics of lumbar vertebra?
large body
long, slender transverse process
short, sturdy spinous process
What are the superficial muscles of the back?
trapezius, latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, and rhomboids (major and minor)
What is the origin of the trapezius muscle?
external occipital protuberance and spinous processes
What is the insertion of trapezius muscle?
lateral 1/3 of clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula
Innervation of trapezius
spinal accessory nerve (CN-XI)
Trapezius actions
retract scapula and rotate scapula upward
Latissmus dorsi origin
lower thoracic vertebra spines, lower ribs, thoracolumbar fascia
Latissmus dorsi insertion
intertubercular groove of humerus
Latissmus dorsi innervation
thoracodorsal nerve
Latissmus dorsi action
adducts and medially rotate humerus
Levator scapulae origin
transverse process (C1-C4)
Levator scapulae insertion
medial border of scapula
Levator scapula innervation
dorsal scapular nerve
Levator scapula actions
elevate scapula and rotate scapula downward
Rhomboid major and minor origin
spinous process of upper vertebra
Rhomboids insertion
medial border of scapula
Rhomboids innvervation
dorsal scapular nerve
Rhomboids action
retract, elevate and rotate scapula downward
What are the intermediate group of muscles?
serratus posterior inferior and superior
Serratus posterior inferior origin
lower vertebra spinous process
Serratus posterior inferior insertion
ribs 9-12
Serratus posterior inferior insertion
ventral rami of spinal nerves
Serratus posterior inferior actions
proprioception/respiration
Serratus posterior superior origin
spinous processes
Serratus posterior superior insertion
ribs 2-5
Serratus posterior superior innervation
ventral rami of spinal nerves
Serratus posterior superior action
elevate upper ribs
What are deep muscles of the back?
splenius capitis and cervicis
erector spinaes
Splenius capitis and cervicis origin
spinous processes
Splenius capitis and cervicis insertion
mastoid and transverse processes
Splenius capitis and cervicis innervation
dorsal rami of spinal nerves
Splenius capitis and cervicis actions
uni: side bend and rotate head and neck to the same side
bi: extend head and neck
Erector spinae muscles
iliocostalis, longissmus, and spinalis
Erector spinae origin
iliac crest, sacrum surface
Erector spinae insertion
lower ribs and processes
Erector spinae innervation
dorsal rami of spinal nerves
Erector spinae actions
uni: side bend and rotate head and neck to same side
bi: extend head and neck
What are the muscles of the transversospinalis group?
semispinalis, multifidus, and rotatores
Semispinalis origin
transverse process
Semispinalis insertion
spinous process
Semispinalis innervation
dorsal rami of cervical and thoracic spinal nerves
Semispinalis actions
side bend spine and head to same side and rotate to opposite side
Multifidis origin
articular processes
Multifidis insertion
spinous processes
Multifidis innervation
dorsal rami of spinal nerves
Multifidis action
uni: side bend same side and rotate opposite side
bi: extend spine
Rotatores origin
transverse process
Rotatores insertion
spinous process
Rotatores innervation
dorsal rami of spinal nerves
Rotatores actions
uni: side bend same side and rotate opposite
bi: extend spine
What is the conus medullaris?
most inferior end of spinal cord that is tapered
What is the filum terminale?
filament that anchors spinal cord to coccyx
What is the cauda equina?
sacral nerves bunched together before leaving dural sac
Where are intercostal muscles of the thoracic wall?
lie between two ribs
What are the intercostal muscles?
external, internal, and innermost
External intercostal muscles origin and insertion
down and forward to adjacent ribs, “hands in pockets”
External intercostal muscles innervation
intercostal nerves
External intercostal muscles action
elevate during inspiration
Internal intercostal muscles origin and insertion
attach down and backward, “hands on chest”
Internal intercostal muscles innervation
intercostal nerves
Internal intercostal muscles actions
depress lungs in expiration
Innermost intercostal muscles origin and insertion
down and backwards
Innermost intercostal muscles innervation
internal intercostal nerves
Innermost intercostal muscles action
depress during expiration
Transversus thoracis origin
sternal surface
Transversus thoracis insertion
costal cartilages
Transversus thoracis innervation
intercostal nerves
Transversus thoracis action
depress cartilage during expiration
Levator costarum origin
transverse process of vertebra
Levator costarum insertion
ribs below
Levator costarum innervation
dorsal rami of spinal nerves
Levator costarum action
elevate ribs during inspiration
Pectoralis major origin
sternum, clavicle
Pectoralis major insertion
intertubercular sulcus of humerus
Pectoralis major innervation
medial and lateral pectoral nerves
Pectoralis major action
adduction and medial rotation of humerus
Pectoralis minor origin
ribs (3-5)
Pectoralis minor insertion
coracoid process
Pectoralis minor innervation
medial pectoral nerve
Pectoralis minor action
stabilize and move scapula anteroinferiorly
What is the innervation of the lungs?
vagus nerve (CN X) and sumpathetic trunks