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Practical 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the diaphragm do on a microscope?

A

regulated the amount of light entering condenser

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2
Q

What does the condenser do on a microscope?

A

concentrates light to enter objective lens

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3
Q

What are the two lenses of a microscope?

A

ocular and objective

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4
Q

How do you determine the magnification of a microscope?

A

10x * objective lens strength

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5
Q

What is one technique to increase the resolving power?

A

oil immersion

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6
Q

What does oil immersion do?

A

increase the amount of light entering the objective lens

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7
Q

What type of paper do you clean objective lenses with?

A

lens paper

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8
Q

What shape is coccus?

A

spherical

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9
Q

What shape is bacillus?

A

rod-shaped

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10
Q

What shape is spirillum?

A

spiral

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11
Q

Are yeasts unicellular or multicellular?

A

unicellular

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12
Q

Are molds unicellular or multicellular?

A

multicellular

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13
Q

What type of bacteria are yeasts?

A

gram-positive

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14
Q

What is the shape of yeasts?

A

oval shaped

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15
Q

What are the four steps of the yeast wet mount?

A
  1. one drop of methylene blue to slide
  2. add one drop of yeast to dye
  3. cover with coverslip
  4. look under oil immersion
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16
Q

What color will dead yeast stain?

A

blue

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17
Q

What are the three types of media used in the lab?

A

nutrient broth
nutrient agar
tempered agar

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18
Q

What is nutrient broth?

A

liquid medium made from peptones, beef extract and water

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19
Q

What is nutrient agar?

A

solid medium made by adding sugar to nutrient broth

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20
Q

What is tempered agar?

A

melted agar

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21
Q

What are the three types of growth media?

A

broth
petri plate
slant

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22
Q

Define selective media

A

allows growth of certain microorganisms while preventing growth of others

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23
Q

Define differential media

A

allows some bacteria to develop differentially than others

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24
Q

What are the five sterilization methods

A

autoclaving
dry heat sterilization
filtration
ionizing radiation
gases

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25
Q

What are the directions for autoclaving?

A

loosen caps
121 C
15 mins

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26
Q

What are the three types of microbial reduction?

A

boiling
pasteurization
surface disinfection

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27
Q

What are the two types of aseptic techniques used in lab?

A

inoculating loop and inoculating needle

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28
Q

What does effuse growth look like?

A

thin and spreading

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29
Q

What does rhizoid growth look like?

A

branching

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30
Q

What does filiform growth look like?

A

dense growth

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31
Q

What are the three types of growth on slants?

A

effuse, rhizoid, filiform

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32
Q

What are the four types of surface growth in broth?

A

flocculent
ring
pellicle
membranous

33
Q

What are the four types of subsurface growth in broth?

A

turbid
granular
flocculent
flaky

34
Q

What are the three amounts of growth in broth?

A

heavy
moderate
slight

35
Q

What is a pure culture?

A

contains cells belonging to the same species

36
Q

What type of culturing method is used to obtain pure cultures?

A

streak plates

37
Q

What type of aseptic transfer is used to transfer isolation to slants?

A

inoculating needle

38
Q

How does M. luteus appear?

A

small and yellow

39
Q

How does E. coli appear?

A

medium sized and white

40
Q

How does S. marcescens appear?

A

large and red

41
Q

What are the four steps to creating a smear from a slant/dish?

A
  1. place a loop full of water on slide
  2. using a needle, mix in a small amount of culture
  3. dry by holding above flame
  4. heat fix 4-5 times
42
Q

What are three the steps to creating a smear from liquid media?

A
  1. add 1-2 drops bacteria on slide
  2. dry over flame
  3. heat fix 10 times
43
Q

What is a simple stain?

A

staining only using one dye

44
Q

What are the four steps to simple staining?

A
  1. cover heat fixed slide with crystal violet for 60 seconds
  2. rinse with water
  3. blot dry
  4. look at under oil
45
Q

What is simple staining used for?

A

looking at shape and arrangement of structure

46
Q

How do spores appear when using simple staining?

A

don’t stain, appear empty

47
Q

How do basic dyes work?

A

positively charged chromophore is strongly attracted to negatively charged bacterial cell

48
Q

What two types of stains are basic?

A

direct or simple

49
Q

How do acidic dyes work?

A

negatively charged chromophore is not attracted to negatively charged bacteria

50
Q

What type of stain is acidic?

A

negative stains

51
Q

What is the shape and arrangement of E. coli?

A

small short bacilli, random

52
Q

What is the shape and arrangement of B. subtilis?

A

large bacilli, chains

53
Q

Define diplococci

A

pair of cocci

54
Q

Define streptococci

A

chains of cocci

55
Q

Define tetracocci

A

group of four cocci

56
Q

Define staphlococcus

A

grape like

57
Q

What are the 6 steps of gram staining?

A
  1. heat fix bacterial smear
  2. stain with crystal violet for 60 seconds and rinse
  3. cover with Lugol’s iodine for 60 seconds and rinse
  4. rinse with alcohol for 10 seconds and rinse
  5. cover with safranin for 30 seconds and rinse
  6. blot dry
58
Q

What color will gram-positive bacteria be?

59
Q

What color will gram-negative bacteria be?

60
Q

Is Serratia marcescens gram positive or negative?

A

gram negative

61
Q

Is E. coli gram negative or positive?

A

gram negative

62
Q

Is M. luteus gram negative or positive?

63
Q

Do gram positive or negative cells have a thick peptidoglycan layer?

64
Q

Define acid fast

A

microorganisms ability to resist decolorization by acid alcohol after primary staining

65
Q

Why is it difficult to remove the stain in acid-fast bacteria?

A

mycolic acid holds onto the stain

66
Q

What are the three reagents in acid fast staining?

A

carbol fuchsin
acid alcohol
methylene blue

67
Q

What are the six steps in acid fast staining?

A
  1. heat fix a mixed smear of M. phlei and S. epidermidis
  2. cover with carbol fusion for 10 mins and rinse
  3. hold at a 45 angle and decolorize with 2-3 drops acid alcohol
  4. immediately rinse
  5. counterstain with methylene blue for 1 minute
  6. rinse, blot dry, use oil immersion
68
Q

What is negative staining?

A

negatively charged bacteria are mixed with an acidic dye they repel

69
Q

What does negative staining look like?

A

deposits of dye are around the cells and the cells appear transparent

70
Q

What is the advantage of negative staining?

A

more accurate pic of cell morphology and size

71
Q

What are the three steps for negative staining?

A
  1. place one drop of nigrosin at one end of slide and mix two drops of E. coli in
  2. perform smear and air dry
  3. look at under oil
72
Q

What is the reagent in negative staining?

73
Q

What are the reagents in spore staining?

A

hot malachite green
stain safranin

74
Q

What are the results of spore staining?

A

hot malachite green penetrates the thich spore coat spores

75
Q

What are the two methods of pasteurization?

A

high temp short time
flash evaporation

76
Q

What is the formula of a dilution?

77
Q

What is the formula for CFU/ml?

A

number of colonies * dilution factor

78
Q

How many CFU are on a countable plate?

79
Q

What color do acid fast organisms stain?

MICR 350L (1 decks)

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