Practical 1 Flashcards
Where would you place a stethoscope to hear the closure of tricuspid valve
by the right 5th rib
Where would you place a stethoscope to hear the closure of the aortic valve
2nd and 3rd rib
Where would you place a stethoscope to hear mitral valve closing
5th rib on left
Is the volume the same between the atria and ventricles why or why nor
volume is not the same b/c atria push blood to ventricles and ventricles are bigger
what is the purpose of the chordae tendinae and papillary muscles
end systolic position of AV
An increase in P-R is
an AV node block
An increase in QRS complex is what
bundle branch block
An increase in Q-T interval is
out of phase ventricular contraction
what does an increase in venous blood flow cause
fast ECG
Einthovens law
deflection in 1 lead can be predicted from the deflections of the other 2
Left axis deviation is between
-30 to -90 in the frontal direction left ventricle enlargement
Right axis deviation is between
90 and 180 right ventricle hypertrophy or damage to right side conducting system
What are the components of blood
plasma RBC leukocytes and platelets
what is the pH of blood
7.35-7.45
what is the most abundant plasma protein
albumin acts as a buffer
What are in the buffy coat
leukocytes and platelets
Lifespan and function of RBCs
120 days O2 carriers
Lifespan and function of Neutrophils
less than 24 hours, parasites
Lifespan and function of eosinophils
less than 24 hours fungal infections
Lifespan and function of basophils
less than 24 hours allergies
Lifespan and function of lymphocytes
less than 10 days, t cells and b cells
Lifespan and function of monocytes
less than 10 days macrophages
Lifespan and function of platelets
7-10 days, clotting
What release histamine to promote inflammation at site of injury
basophil
What transform into plasma cells and secrete antibodies
lymphocytes
What release antibiotic like proteins to destroy bacterial invaders
neutrophils
What transform into tissue macrophages and activate lymphocyte mediated immune responses
monocytes
What initiate and immune response in organ rejection
neutrophils
what kills tape worms
eosinophils
What is the normal range for hematocrit
47 males 42 females
What are the percentages of blood
2% WBC, 35% RBC, and 63% plasma
What is a pituitary giant
excess growth hormone
where are posterior pituitary hormones synthesized
hypothalamus
Adrenal cortex makes what
gluccocorticoids
Adrenal medulla makes what
epi and norepi
What are 3 primary pathogens in lab
HIV hep B hep C
Besides blood what are other infectious materials
body fluids, semen, urine, unfixed tissues
How can disease be transmitted in the lab
percutaneous injury, mucous membrane contact, direct inoculation
What happens to a fish when placed in insulin
enters a coma
What happens to a fish placed in glucose
resumes normal activity
What affect does Epi have on the heart
increased force of contraction
What affect does Ach have on heart
decreases heart rate
What are exocrine glands
secrete through ducts or openings to a body surface
What does the zona glomerulosa produce
aldosterone, mineral
What does the zona fasciculata produce
cortisol, glucco
What does the zona reticularis produce
androgens
what artery is used to take blood pressure
brachial
What are the sounds of Kortkoff
turbulent flow as you release pressure on the artery
What causes the dicrotic notch
backflow of blood from the aorta when the ventricle relaxes
How do you calculate pulse pressure
top number minus bottom number
How do you calculate MAP
bottom number plus 1/3 of pulse pressure
What artery is palpated at the wrist
radial
What artery is palpated at the neck
carotid
what artery is palpated at the front of the ear
superficial temporal
Which pressure point has the greatest amplitude and why
carotid closest to heart
what happens to blood pressure when a damaged aortic valve can not close properly
increase in pulse pressure decrease in blood pressure because blood is flowing back into the ventricle making the diastolic number lower
What makes the lub sound
AV valves closing
What makes the dub sound
semilunar valves closing
What is the tunica intima made of
simple squamous
what is the tunica media made of
smooth muscle
What is the tunica externa made of
connective tissue
what is the function of precapillary sphincters
open and close capillary beds
When are capillary beds open
when the tissue is active
What is IgG used for
most common used for bacterial and viral infections
What is IgA used for
inn mucous membranes has a joining chain
what kind of cells are in the medulla of the lymph node
dendritic cells and reticular cells
what cells make up germinal cells
t cells and b cells
what cells arrive first at an injury site
phagocytes
Why does an infection worsen as altitude decreases
better environment for bacterial growth
how are macrophages and t cells different
macrophages eat the cells and signal T cells and B cells T cells mediate the immune response
How are antibodies made
b cells become plasma cells that make antibodies
How do antibodies work
bind to the pathogen to mark it to be destroyed
Why do t cells dock to macrophages
to recognize and display part of a pathogen
