Practical 1 Flashcards by Sydney Saulsbury

Kingdom Protista Phylum Euglenozoa

unicellular
motile using flagella
reproduce asexually using binary fission
some heterotrophic; others autotrophic
some parasitic
Genus Euglena
~ unicellular flagellates
~ heterotrophic and autotrophic
Genus Trypanosoma
~ unicellular flagellate
~ human parasite (African sleeping sickness and Chagas Disease)

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Kingdom Protista Phylum Dinoflagellata

photosynthetic/autotrophs
most are free-living, but some are endosymbionts
1+ flagella out of the grooves in cellulose plates
Genus Noctiluca
~ free-living
~ marine-dwelling
example: red tide

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Kingdom Protista Phylum Chlorophyta

spherical, colonial (groups of unicellular individuals)
reproduces sexually and asexually
cells in colony work together for locomotion
like dinoflagellates, these can cause large algal blooms
Genus Volvox
~ a green algae

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Kingdom Protista Phylum Apicomplexa

unicellular
parasitic
nonmotile (lack flagella)
absorb nutrients from their host/environment (osmotrophic)
subclass Coccidia
~ unicellular
~ intestinal parasites of vertebrates
~ Genus Plasmodium
- causes malaria

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Kingdom Protista Phylum Ciliophora

ciliates (possess cilia)
~ cilia is used for locomotion and feeding (heterotrophic)
most are complex, solitary, unicellular, freshwater
undergo conjugation (sexual reproduction)
contractile vacuole: organelle that maintains osmotic balance
Genus Paramecium

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Kingdom Protista Phylum Amoebazoa

part of Supergroup Unikonta (contains animals and fungi)
unicellular
extend their cytoplasm to form pseudopodia (“fake feet” for feeding and locomotion)
many free-living, some parasites
heterotrophs that consume food via phagocytosis (“cell eating”)
Genus Amoeba

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Kingdom Animalia Phylum Porifera (“Pore-bearing”) Distinguishing Characteristics

body organization: multicellular
symmetry: asymmetrical
habitat: aquatic, mostly marine
adults sessile (cannot move)
absorb nutrients from water column (filter feeders)
reproduce:
~ asexually: budding or gemmules
~ sexually: spawning of gametes into the water column

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Phylum Porifera Anatomy

choanocyte: flagellated cells that move water through the sponge
spicules: hardened structures that serve as an internal skeleton (made of either calcium carbonate or silicon)
ostia: small pores where water first enters the sponge
spongocoel: large central canal (absent in leucon body type)
osculum: larger hole where water exits the sponge

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Phylum Porifera Class Calcarea

spicules made of calcium carbonate
Genus Sycon
~ genus of small sponges (up to 7.5 cm)
~ syconoid body plane

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Phylum Porifera Class Hexactinellida

glass sponges
spicules made of silicone
some biologists believe that these are the longest- lived animals on earth
~ estimated maximum age of 15,000 years

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Kingdom Animalia Phylum Cnidaria Distinguishing Characteristics

body organization: tissues
~ two germ layers: endoderm and ectoderm
symmetry: radial (multiple planes of symmetry)
habitat: aquatic, mostly marine
body types: sessile polyp and motile medusa
~ some exclusively one, others both at certain times
nerve net for sensation
Cnidocytes: stinging cells with nematocyst (stinging capsule)
~ most present on tentacles and body
incomplete digestive system
gastrovascular cavity
hydrostatic skeleton
rely on simple diffusion for nutrient exchange and waste removal

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Phylum Cnidaria- Tissue Layers and Germ Layers

zygote cells divide to form multicellular blastula
one side of blastula pushes in (process called gastrulation) to form a gastrula
for now, the gastrula we’re considering have two germ layers- endoderm and ectoderm

epidermis- outer tissue layer formed from ectoderm

gastrodermis- inner layer formed from ectoderm
mesoglea- middle, gelatinous layer formed from both

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Phylum Cnidaria Class Anthozoa

no medusa stage
marine
colonial or solitary
some supported by hard skeletons
two major subclasses based on planes of symmetry:
~ Hexacorallia (6-planes):
- sea anemones, hard corals
~ Octocorallia (8-planes):
- soft corals, sea pens, sea fans, etc

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Phylum Cnidaria Class Scyphozoa

‘true’ jellies
pulsations for movement
some have potent venom in tentacles to kill prey
oral arms guide food into mouth
digestion in gastric filaments and radial/marginal canals
rhopalium: primitive structures for sensation and equilibrium
Genus Aurelia

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Phylum Cnidaria Class Hydrozoa

most alternate between both body forms where the polyp reproduces asexually and the medusa reproduces sexually
marine and freshwater
some exist as colonial organisms with multiple individual polyps living together as one “organism”
Genus Hydra
~ small, tubular, freshwater
~ no medusa form; motile polyp
~ reproduce sexually and asexually
- some monoecious (male and female gonads in the same individual) and others dioecious (separate sexes)
Colonial Hydrozoans
~ Physalia (Portuguese Man of War)
- “tentacles” have colonies of polyps
- polyps are specialized for different functions (e.g. feeding, reproduction, etc)
- pneumatocyst (air-filled sac) serves as a float to keep organism buoyant and to catch wind to move the organism

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Class Anthozoa Subclass Hexacorallia

6-fold symmetry
Metridium
~ use acontia (white thread-like filaments) for defense
~ three regions
- oral disc (tentacles & mouth)
- column (main body)
- pedal disc (bottom)
~ gastrovascular cavity divided into 6 radial chambers
- contain septal filaments with nematocysts and digestive enzymes

Phylum Ctenophora- Comb Jellies

marine
eight rows of evenly spaced ciliated bands (ctenes) used for motion
capture prey with sticky adhesive from specialized cells
~ complete digestive system
three layers
~ epidermis, gastrodermis, and collenchyma (middle layer)
most monoecious

Kingdom Animalia Phylum Platyhelminthes- “Flatworms” Distinguishing Characteristics

body organization: organs
~ triploblastic
- three germ layers that develop into three tissue layers
  - ectoderm—-> epidermis
  - endoderm—> gastrodermis
  - mesoderm—> mesoderm
- acoelomate
symmetry: bilateral
first animals to cephalic (develop a head region)
flat bodies allow for simple diffusion of nutrients and waste in/out of body
digestion: gastrovascular cavity
~ incomplete digestive system
excretion: flame cells for fluid balance and nitrogenous waste removal when simple diffusion won’t work
reproduction: most monoecious

Germ Layers and Protostomes

there are two development layers (ectoderm and endoderm)
there is a third layer (mesoderm) that develops in the middle of the other two layers
~ mesoderm gives rise to many internal structures and lining
blastopore (the hole formed when the blastula is pushed in) has unique development paths
~ protostomes: blastopore becomes the mouth

Coelom Types

as the mesoderm develops, a fluid filled cavity called a coelom (sometimes) forms
~ acoelomate: no coelom
~ pseudocoelomate: a fake coelom forms between the mesoderm and endoderm
~ coelomate: a true coelom forms and is lined by mesoderm on both sides
the coelom is a cavity that protects internal organs and sometimes acts as a hydrostatic skeleton for some taxa

Phylum Platyhelminthes Class Turbellaria

commonly referred to as “planarians”
found in aquatic habitats (freshwater and marine) and moist terrestrial environments
primarily carnivorous (consume other animals)
~ consume by sucking food into their retractable pharynx

Class Turbellaria Genus Dugesia

found in freshwater environments
good example for many primitive organs
sensory structures
~ auricle: sense environment via touch (thigmotaxis) and olfaction (chemotaxis)
~ eyespots: sense light (phototaxis)
~ cephalization
locomotion
~ cilia located ventrally
~ rhabdites: secrete mucus for movement
~ circular, longitudinal, and torso- ventral muscles in body
digestion:
~ highly branched gastrovascular cavity for digestion and nutrient transport
- main chambers= trunks
- smaller branches= diverticula
  ~ retractable pharynx
  ~ incomplete digestive system (no anus) so food has to come back out the same hole
reproduction:
~ monoecious but reproduction is often sexual
~ can undergo transverse fission and regenerate
excretion:
~ protonephridia (primitive kidney-like tissue) for osmoregulation
- flame cells reside here
nervous tissues:
~ cerebral ganglion
~ transverse nerve cords

Phylum Platyhelminthes Class Trematoda

also called “flukes”
all trematodes (members of this class) are parasitic
~ internal parasites of mollusks and vertebrates
use suckers to attach to host tissues from where they drain nutrients
cuticle layer covers body to protect from host’s digestive enzymes
built to reproduce
~ some have complex life cycles with many hosts
~ some monoecious

Class Trematoda Genus Clonorchis

digestion:
~ feed on host tissues
~ oral sucker anteriorly and ventral sucker on the ventral side to attach to host
~ mouth—> pharynx—> esophagus—> intestine
~ incomplete system- no anus
excretion:
~ flame cells gather waste and drain it into the excretory bladder then out from there via the excretory pore
reproduction
~ monoecious
mall organs:
~ testes, vas efferens, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, genital pore
female organs:
~ ovary: produces eggs
~ uterus: transports eggs to genital pore as they develop
~ yolk sac: provides yolk (full of nutrients for growth) to eggs

Class Trematoda Genus Schistosoma- Human Blood Flukes

- infects > 200 million people ~ only malaria affects more people globally - various species each infecting different blood vessel regions - cause the disease schistosomiasis (aka snail fever) - reproduction: ~ dioecious- strong sexual dimorphism

Phylum Platyhelminthes Class Cestoda

- tapeworms - most specialized endoparasitic flatworms ~ infects lower GI tract - no mouth or digestive cavity ~ nutrients are directly absorbed from the host's tissues via diffusion - protective cuticle - scolex (head region) has hooks and suckers for attachment - body made up of repeating reproductive segments called proglottids ~ as proglottids mature and enlarge, they move towards the end of the tapeworm's body ~ all proglottids connected by excretory canals and longitudinal nerves - reproduction: ~ monoecious, but cross-fertilization is preferred ~ immature proglottids towards the scolex ~ gravid proglottids with fertilized eggs towards end of body ( so eggs can be released into host's feces) - Genus Taenia ~ beef tapeworm ~ infects human and cattle - Genus Dipylidium ~ double- pored Dog Tapeworm ~ infects dogs and cats

Phylum Rotifera

- most live in freshwater - symmetry: bilateral - pseudocoloemate ~ fluid inside serves as hydrostatic skeleton - complete digestive system - dioecious ~ sexual reproduction with internal fertilization ~ parthenogenesis - cilia corona (anterior head structure) used for locomotion and feeding - mouth with pharyngeal apparatus (mastax) and jaws for chewing prey or food particles

Phylum Acanthoceohala

- "spiny-headed worms" - parasitize guts of many vertebrate groups - attach to host tissues using recurved hooks on proboscis - lack mouth and digestive canal ~ nutrient absorption - symmetry: bilateral - dioecious - pseudocoelomate

Phylum Nematoda "Roundworms" Distinguishing Characteristics

``` - pseudocoelomates ~ serves as hydrostatic skeleton - symmetry: bilateral - complete digestive system - body covered in cuticle external to epidermis - body organization: organ systems - nervous system: pharyngeal nerve ring - various diets ~ many are endoparasites - sexual reproduction ```

Phylum Nematoda Genus Ascaris

- human intestinal parasite - dioecious - cuticle composed of collagen - complete digestive system

Phylum Nematoda Genus Trichinella

- trichina worms or 'pork worm' - mammalian parasite - causes disease trichinosis ~ passed via raw pork consumption ~ pregnant females burrow into intestine - after birth, live young travel to muscle tissues to form dormant cysts which can survive fro years

Phylum Nematoda

- pinworms ~ intestinal parasite ~ females lay eggs around the host's anus - Free-living Nematodes ~ 'vinegar eels' - consume microbes in unfiltered vinegar ~ soil nematodes - consume microbes and small soil animals (other nematodes, etc) - can cause plant diseases

Phylum Nematomorpha

- horsehair worms - parasites of arthropods (many insects and crustaceans) when immature; adults free-living - freshwater- dwelling - external cuticle for protection - simple nerve ring and muscles - no other body systems - pseudocoelomate - dioecious

Protostome Clades

- Lophotrochozoa 1. Feed apparatus called a lophophore (ciliated crown of tentacles surrounding a mouth) 2. trochophore larval stage as part of development ~ includes: - Platyhelminthes, Rotifera, Acanthocephala - Mollusca and Annelida - Ecdysozoa ~ all animals in this clade grow via ecdysis (mottling their exoskeleton) ~ includes: - Nemtoda and Nematomorpha - Arthropoda