Prac Test

Question 1

Explain the innervation of the tongue

Answer 1

Movement: hypoglossal nerve
&raquo_space; palatoglossus = vagus nerve
Posterior third: glossopharyngeal nerve (taste AND sensation)
Anterior 2 thirds:
» taste = facial nerve
» sensation = V3 (mandibular division of trigeminal nerve)

Question 2

Explain the blood supply of the oesophagus

Answer 2

Cervical: inferior thyroid artery
Thoracic: brachial and oesophageal branches of thoracic aorta
Abdominal: left gastric and left phrenic arteries’ branches

Question 3

Identify the 3 anatomical constrictions of the oesophagus

Answer 3

1. at the start: cricopharyngeal sphincter
2. 8cm down: crossing by aortic arch and L bronchus
3. 25cm down: piercing of diaphragm, the lower oesophageal sphincter

Question 4

What is cardiac tamponade?

Answer 4

Compression of the heart by fluid accumulating in the pericardial space

Question 5

A patient is unable to taste a piece of sugar on the anterior part of their tongue. Which nerve is most likely affected?

Answer 5

Facial nerve (CN VII)

Question 6

Which bone is the foramen ovale and foramen spinosum located?

Answer 6

Sphenoid bone

Question 7

Which bone is the hypoglossal canal located in?

Answer 7

Occipital bone

Question 8

Which bone is the facial nerve canal located in?

Answer 8

Temporal bone

Question 9

What is the transpyloric plane?

Answer 9

The plane located at the level of the pylorus of the stomach (L1)

Question 10

Name 5 structures located at the transpyloric plane

Answer 10

Superior mesenteric artery
Neck of pancreas
Sphincter of Oddi (2nd part of duodenum)
Hilum of left kidney
Fundus of gall bladder

Question 11

Where are the 3 constrictions of the ureter?

Answer 11

Pelvi-ureteric junction
Entrance to pelvis, crossing common iliac artery bifurcation
Vesicouteric junction (entry to bladder)

Question 12

What are oesophageal varices?

Answer 12

Dilated sub-mucosal veins in lower 1/3 of oesophagus

Question 13

Why do oesophageal varices occur?

Answer 13

Veins in the lower 1/3 of oesophagus drain into the portal vein. If the portal vein is obstructed/hypertensive (e.g. cirrhosis) then there will be back-log of blood.

Question 14

What are the 6 cranial nerves important in speech?

Answer 14

V - trigeminal
VII - facial
IX - glossopharyngeal
X - vagus
XI - accessory
XII - hypoglossal

Question 15

Where do the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve exit the skull?

Answer 15

V1 (ophthalmic division) - superior orbital fissure
V2 (maxillary division) - foramen rotundum
V3 (mandibular division) - foramen ovale

Question 16

What is a clinical sign that the hypoglossal nerve is impaired?

Answer 16

The tongue hangs to 1 side, since 1 side of the muscles of the tongue are stronger than the other

Question 17

Contents of the foramen ovale

Answer 17

V3

Question 18

Contents of foramen spinosum

Answer 18

Meningeal branch of mandibular nerve

Middle meningeal artery

Question 19

Contents of foramen rotundum

Answer 19

V2

Question 20

Contents of foramen lacerum

Answer 20

Internal carotid artery

Greater petrosal nerve

Question 21

Contents of internal acoustic meatus

Answer 21

VII - facial n.

VIII - vestibulocochlear n.

Question 22

Contents of jugular foramen

Answer 22

IX - glossopharyngeal n.
X - vagus n.
XI - spinal accessory n.

Question 23

Contents of superior orbital fissure

Answer 23

III - oculomotor n.
IV - trochlear n.
V1
VI - abducens n.
Ophthalmic vein

Question 24

Contents of optic canal

Answer 24

II - optic n.

Ophthalmic artery

Question 25

Contents of the temporal fossa

Answer 25

Temporalis muscle

Question 26

Contents of the infratemporal fossa

Answer 26

V3, chorda tympani n. (VII)
Maxillary artery (middle meningeal and temporal branches)

Question 27

Contents of pterygopalatine fossa

Answer 27

V2

Question 28

What are the 5 branches of the facial nerve?

Answer 28

Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Marginal mandibular
Cervical

Question 29

What are the 6 triangles of the neck?

Answer 29

Carotid
Diagastric/submandibular
Muscular
Submental (unpaired)
Omoclavicular/subclavian
Occipital