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1st Quarter > Prac Research > Flashcards

Prac Research Flashcards

1
Q

explaining phenomena by collecting numerical data that are analyzed using mathematically based methods (in particular
statistics).

A

Quantitative Research

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2
Q

This type of research utilizes numbers and statistical analysis.

A

Quantitative Research

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3
Q

A peculiar incident that can happen anywhere with any discipline or in any organization.

A

Phenomenon

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4
Q

Traditional

A

Quantitative Research

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5
Q

Positivist scientific method

A

Quantitative Research

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6
Q

Follow a set of orderly and disciplined procedures to acquire information

A

Quantitative Research

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7
Q

It utilizes deductive reasoning

A

Quantitative Research

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8
Q

It generates predictions that are tested in the real world.

A

Quantitative Research

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9
Q

Systematic

A

Quantitative Research

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9
Q

Examples of Quantitative Research

A

Social Sciences
Medical Biology
New and Existing Technology

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10
Q

Logical

A

Quantitative Research

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10
Q

It reduces and restructures a complex problem to a limited number of variables.

A

Deductive (Characteristics of Quantitative Research)

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11
Q

It uses statistics to generalize findings.

A

Generalize (Characteristics of Quantitative Research)

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11
Q

It is reliable and objective.

A

Reliable (Characteristics of Quantitative Research)

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11
Q

It looks at the connections between variables and establishes cause and effect relationships in highly controlled circumstances.

A

Connect (Characteristics of Quantitative Research)

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12
Q

It tests theories and hypothesis.

A

Test (Characteristics of Quantitative Research)

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12
Q

It assumes that the sample is representative of the population.

A

Represent (Characteristics of Quantitative Research)

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13
Q

The subjectivity of its methodology is a

A

Secondary concern (Characteristics of Quantitative Research)

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14
Q

It allows the researcher to measure and analyze the data to arrive at an objective answer to the problem.

A

Reliable (Advantage of Quantitative Research)

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15
Q

The result is generally reliable since the study uses a big sample of
the population.

A

Generalize the Population (Advantage of Quantitative Research)

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16
Q

Establish standards are used in choosing the instruments, in sampling procedures, and in choosing the most appropriate statistical treatment, thus making the research replicable.

A

Replicable (Advantage of Quantitative Research)

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16
Q

Personal biases can be avoided since personal interaction is not part of the research process.

A

Objective (Advantage of Quantitative Research)

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17
Q

Process involved are simplified since the steps in doing quantitative research are made easy and systematic.

A

Systematic (Advantage of Quantitative Research)

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18
Q

Results can be reduced through statistical treatment and can be interpreted in a few statement.

A

Accurate (Advantage of Quantitative Research)

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19
Q

The context of the study or the experiment is ignored in such a way that it does not consider the,

A

natural setting where the study is conducted.

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20
Q

Having a large study sample requires researchers to

A

spend more resources.

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21
Q

since they are usually based on the analysis of numbers and are not obtained from detailed narratives,

A

Results are limited

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22
Q

Quantitative research provides less elaborate accounts of

A

Human perceptions

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23
Q

The level of control might not be normally applicable in the real world because it is usually done in a laboratory

A

Experimental Research

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24
Q

May not necessarily reflect the true answers of the
participants

A

Preset of fixed alternative answers

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25
Q

Can be influenced by the researcher’s perspective since most of the time, the participants are unknown to him or her

A

Findings

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26
Q

Importance of Research in Different Fields

A
  1. Business
  2. Health Services
  3. Technology
  4. Education
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27
Q

Quantitative Research allows the researcher to

A

measure and analyze data

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28
Q

Can be avoided since personal interaction is not part of the quantitative research process

A

Personal Biases

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29
Q

Results of Quantitative Research can be reduced through

A

Statistical treatment

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30
Q

Is a general area of interest that you would like to pursue in your research

A

Research Topic

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31
Q

Several Factors to Consider in Identifying and Selecting your Research Topic

A

Relevance
Interest
Manageability
Availability of Resources

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32
Q

The first part of the study is called

A

“The Problem” or “The Problem and Its Background.”

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33
Q

Establishes the cognitive setting of the research

A

The introduction “Background of the Study”

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34
Q

Involves:

-Discussing why there is a need to study the problem (Research Gap)

-Clarifying the important terminologies for the reader to easily understand what the research is
about; and

-Establishing the degree of seriousness of the problem which has prompted the researcher to look
for solutions

A

Background of the Study

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35
Q

It will be difficult to conduct any research unless a clear problem is initially stated

A

Statement of the Problem

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36
Q

Elements of the General Problem

A
  1. Main Task
  2. Major Variables
  3. Participants
  4. Setting
  5. Coverage Date
  6. Intended Outputs
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37
Q

There are 2 general types of questions formulated in research

A

Researchable Questions
Non-researchable Questions

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38
Q

Types of Research Questions

A
  1. Factor-isolating Questions
  2. Factor-relating Questions
  3. Situation-relating Questions
  4. Situation-producing Questions
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39
Q

is any factor or property that a researcher measures, controls, and / or manipulates

A

A variable

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40
Q

also called a data item

A

A variable

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41
Q

Classification of Variables

A

Univariate Study

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42
Q

Two variables are being studied

A

Bivariate Study

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43
Q

More than two variables are being studied

A

Polyvariate Study

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44
Q

To observe and report on
a certain phenomenon

A

Descriptive Research

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45
Q

To determine the nature
of relationship between
variables without looking
into causation

A

Correlational Research

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46
Q

To infer the causes of
phenomenon which has
already occurred.

A

Ex-post Facto Research

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47
Q

To establish cause and
effect relationship.

A

Quasi-experimental Research

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48
Q

To establish cause and
effect relationship.

A

Pure Experimental Research

49
Q

Variables that can be measured numerically

A

Quantitative Variable

50
Q

Also referred to as categorical variables.

A

Qualitative Variable

51
Q

They lack numerical value but can still be used in quantitative research.

A

Qualitative Variable

52
Q

Two general Types of Qualitative Variable

A

-Dichotomous
-Nominal

53
Q

Dichotomous

A

2 distinct categories only

54
Q

Nominal

A

have more than 2 categories or values

55
Q

Considered to affect the dependent variable

A

Independent Variable

56
Q

Variable being examined for changes

A

Dependent Variable

57
Q

Any variable that is not categorized as dependent or independent.

Undesirable variable that can influence the results of a study.

A

Extraneous Variable

58
Q

A special type of extraneous variable that a researcher fails to control and can threaten the validity of a research procedure.

A

Confounding Variable

59
Q

Importance of Quantitative Research Across Fields

A

Social Inquiry
Arts
ICT
Science
Business
Sports
Agriculture & Fisheries

60
Q

Translates a research question into a prediction of expected outcomes.

Is formulated before the conduct of a correlational / experimental study.

A

A hypothesis

61
Q

Is a tentative prediction about the relationship between to or more variables in a population under
study (Polit, 2017).

A

A hypothesis

62
Q

It is a hypothesis formulated when predicting a relationship between an independent variable and
a dependent variable.

A

Simple Hypothesis

63
Q

It is a hypothesis formulated when predicting the relationships of two or more independent variables to two or more dependent variables.

A

Complex Hypothesis

64
Q

It is a hypothesis that specifies not only the existence but also the expected direction of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

A

Directional Hypothesis

65
Q

It is a hypothesis that does not stipulate the direction of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

A

Non-directional Hypothesis

66
Q

It is a hypothesis formulated for the purpose of statistical analysis. This kind is always expressed as a negative statement.

A

Null Hypothesis

67
Q

It is a hypothesis which states the actual expected relationships between variables.

A

Alternative or Research Hypothesis

68
Q

Are propositions taken to be true based upon the presupposition, without consideration of the facts.

A

The Study Assumptions

69
Q

Based on the hypothesis, possible research outcomes are presented in this portion of the study.

A

Hypotheses of the Study

70
Q

There is no relationship between the current state of healthcare workers in the country and the students’ strength of motivation towards pursuing a career in medicine.

A

Null

71
Q

There is a relationship between the current state of healthcare workers in the country and the students’ strength of motivation and desire towards pursuing a career in medicine.

A

Alternative

72
Q

Is the process of compiling, classifying, and evaluating what other researchers have written on a
certain topic.

A

Literature Review

73
Q

Purpose of Reviewing a Literature

A

It builds the confidence of the researcher as he or she fully understands the variables being studied.

It shows similar studies conducted which, in turn, become the springboard of discussion as the researcher may agree or disagree with the current results.

Fellow researchers will see the objectivity of the study as they read a review of literature and related sources similar in research or conceptual framework.

Reviewing a body of literature on the topic makes the research study empirical.

74
Q

Characteristics of a Good Literature Review

A

Delimits clearly the subject matter to be reviewed.

Covers all important relevant literature.

Is up-to-date (5 years cap).

Provides an insightful analysis of the ideas and conclusions in the literature.

Points out similarities and differences, and strengths and weaknesses in the literature.

Identifies gaps in the literature for future research.

Clarifies the context for which the literature is important.

75
Q

Preparing a Literature Review

A
  1. Choosing a Topic
  2. Selecting Credible Sources
76
Q

Credible Sources are:

A

-Google Scholar

-ProQuest

-ERIC (Education Resources Information Center)

-ScienceDirect

-Library

77
Q

A book or set of books giving brief information on different subjects
typically arranged alphabetically, e.g. Encyclopedia Britannica.

A

General Encyclopedia -

78
Q

Periodically printed publications(usually daily, weekly, or monthly) that consists of news, feature articles, advertisements, and correspondence, e.g. Inquirer.

A

General Interest Magazines and Newspapers

79
Q

Periodicals that focus on a special topic or subject of interest, e.g. Top Gear.

A

Specialized Magazines

80
Q

Textbooks and general information pamphlets.

A

Reference Materials

81
Q

Legal documents, government issuances, copies of laws and orders,
e.g. Official Gazette of the Philippines.

A

Government Documents

82
Q

News clippings, booklets, pamphlets, and other gray documents which are created by libraries for the purpose of grouping information on a specific subject or topic.

A

Vertical Files

83
Q

Documents in support of candidature for an academic qualification
presenting the author’s research and findings, and are usually created in academic institutions, such as universities and colleges.

A

Theses / Dissertations

84
Q

References (generally books) that disseminate research and academic discussion among professionals and experts within disciplines.

A

Scholarly Books

85
Q

A periodical publication in which scholarly research by field experts and academicians is published. This is usually peer-reviewed by experts within the same field.

A

Academic Journals

86
Q

4 Types of Reading

A

Elementary Reading
Systematic Skimming
Analytical Reading
Comparative Reading

87
Q

This is the basic type of reading. It involves the mere recognition of the words and the literal comprehension of the sentences.

A

Elementary reading

88
Q

This is a prerequisite to analytical reading which requires time. This is a type of reading in which the articles or materials are discerned if they can be included for analysis.

A

Systematic Skimming

89
Q

After selecting the article or book through systematic skimming, the
researcher does analytical reading. Ample time is required for this. Since analysis is a process of breaking the whole into parts for better understanding, an article is examined paragraph by paragraph, a paragraph is then dissected sentence by sentence, and a sentence is read word by word.

A

Analytical Reading

90
Q

This is the highest level of reading, in which the researcher analyzes
several articles or books.

A

Comparative Reading

91
Q

3 steps in conducting a literature review

A

1.) Looking for relevant materials - Materials relevant to the research are those that carry information about the topic or variables of the study.

2.) Actual reading - Once the relevant materials are gathered, actual reading through analytical reading and comparative reading should be done.

3.) Note-taking - This process is very important in the review of literature. It can help the researcher in the actual analysis of the literature read.

92
Q

The Standard Citation and Referencing

A

APA Referencing Guide
MLA Referencing Guide
Chicago / Turabian Referencing Guide

93
Q

Commonly used in the fields of Social Sciences, Philosophy, Education, and Economics. Because of the practicality it brings and the relatively popular usage.

A

APA Referencing Guide

94
Q

commonly associated with the Humanities. Does not require a separate title page and abstract, unless specifically instructed by your professor or institution.

A

MLA Referencing Guide

95
Q

This style utilizes footnotes in citing sources in-text instead of parenthetical citations.

A

Chicago / Turabian Referencing Guide

96
Q

Four Main Sections

A

Title Page
Abstract
Main Body
References

97
Q

includes the research title, the author’s name, and the author’s institutional affiliation

A

Title Page

98
Q

Presents a concise summary of the research study in 150 to 250 words.

A

Abstract

99
Q

contains the main text or content of the paper.

A

Main Body

100
Q

The list at the end of the paper should be labeled as

A

References

101
Q

General Writing Tips

A

-Quotations are extremely rare in scientific writing.
-Using the first-person point of view should be avoided.
-Using colloquial, informal, or slang words, should be limited to specific cases.
-The paper should be organized according to topics and not by chronology.
-Scientific writing should be concise and straight to the point.
-Revise and rewrite.
-It is imperative to develop good citations habits.

102
Q

Refers to using ideas and information created by other people but without attribution to them

A

Plagiarism

103
Q

The gravest level of plagiarism (copying a full paper word for word, without acknowledging the source).

A

Level 1

104
Q

Lifting a large portion of a research work (up to 50%) without citing its source.

A

Level 2

105
Q

Copying specific portions of another work without citing it (sentence — paragraph).

A

Level 3

106
Q

Failure to correctly paraphrase the portions of the used work.

A

Level 4

107
Q

Lowest level; incorrectly citing a certain source and copying heavily from it.

A

Level 5

108
Q

Theory is derived from the Greek word theoria, which means

A

“vision”

109
Q

A conceptual invention that is used to describe, explain, predict, or understand a certain phenomenon.

A

Theory

110
Q

an abstract idea or general notion about a certain phenomenon, event, or process.

A

Concept

111
Q

which may be formulated from an existing theory or theories,
serves as the foundation of the study. In such case, the original paradigm that is used by the cited theorist can be fully adopted in the present study. It can also be adapted or modified since the researcher can add or subtract variables from the original framework, provided that the essence of the theory is maintained.

A

Theoretical Framework

112
Q

Is a system of concepts, assumptions, or expectations to link one idea with another. It guides the researcher by giving clear directions to the research.

relies on an understanding of concepts which clarify the paradigm
and ideas that the research presents.

A

Conceptual Framework

113
Q

Defines paradigm as a pattern, model, or set of forms which contains particular elements.

A

Merriam-Webster (2006)

114
Q

Here are some examples of shapes and symbols used in research
paradigms and their corresponding meanings (Velarde, 2017):

A

Square or Rectangle
Circle
Triangle
Dot or point
Line
Spiral
Arrow
Broken Arrow or Line

115
Q

These shapes represent stability and order.

A

Square or Rectangle

116
Q

Implies completion and harmony. It can also present a cycle.

A

Circle

117
Q

Represents direction and power

A

Triangle

118
Q

This symbol means beginning.

A

Dot or point

119
Q

Means boundary or division. In research, this can also be used to show connection or relationship

A

Line

120
Q

Represents anything that expands or contracts. This can also indicate impact or output.

A

Spiral

121
Q

Indicates direction. In research, this can also be used to show cause and effect.

A

Arrow

122
Q

May be used to show any result or output.

A

Broken Arrow or Line

123
Q

This model is largely used when the research attempts
to isolate the factor or major variable that causes the problem, subject, or phenomenon under investigation.

A

IPO model (input - process - output)

124
Q

This model is used in experiment-based studies.

A

IV - DV model (independent variable - dependent variable model)

125
Q

This model is used when relating and assessing the
influence between two or more variables.

A

PC model (predictor - criterion model)

126
Q

This model is used in research studies that propose a program or any intervention measure.

A

P model

127
Q

This model is used when the researcher presents an original
paradigm. The requirement is that it must be scientific.

A

POM (proposed original model)

128
Q

Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion

A

IMRaD

1st Quarter (2 decks)

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