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CAM304 INN C Lectures > Prac: Histology of CNS > Flashcards

Prac: Histology of CNS Flashcards

1
Q

Anterograde axonal transport - which protein, and direction?

A

Away from cell body

Kinesin

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2
Q

Retrograde axonal transport - direction and protein?

A

Towards cell body

Dyenein

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3
Q

Describe multipolar neuron

A

Have elaborate (multiple) dendrites which attach to the cell body. Only a single axon.

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4
Q

Example of multipolar neuron?

A

Purkinje cell of cerebellum
Internuerons
Motor Neurons

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5
Q

Describe unipolar cell - examples?

A

Single dendrite, single axon

General sensory neuron

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6
Q

Describe bipolar neuron - examples?

A

Single process extends from the cell body, which splits into a single axond, and a single dendrite

Sepcial sensory neurons - e.g. bipolar neurons of the retina

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7
Q

Proportion of glial cells to neurons

A

10x as many glial cells

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8
Q

What is a Nissl body?

A

Densely packed rhibosomes and RER. Nissl stain shows this

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9
Q

Magnification required to image motor neuron’s cell bodies well - e.g. to see nissl bodies, nucleus etc

A

40x

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10
Q

What is best stain to visualise how the nervous system is wired/connected?

A

Fluroescent stains

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11
Q

What are the largest and smallest neurons in the cerebellum?

A 
Largest = Purkinje cells
Smallest = granule cells of granular layer
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12
Q

What is retrograde fluorescent tracing useful for?

A

Determining the locations of neurons whose axons synapse with neurons in a particular nucleus - i.e. the fluorescent stain would be taken up from the terminal end of the axon, and would travel (be moved) in a retrograde motion, towards the cell body of the nucleus

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13
Q

What is anterograde fluorescent tracing useful for?

A

Used to trace neural connections from the cell body -> fluorescent stain taken up and moves in anterograde fashion -> to terminal end of axon/synapse

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14
Q

What are satellite cells?

A

Modified Schwann cells

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15
Q

What is the embryological origin of the DRG?

A

Neural Crest Cells

The DRG is considered grey matter (of the spinal cord), which becomes translocated to the periphery

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16
Q

What structural type of neuron is found in DRGs?

A

Bipolar (sensory) or Unipolar

17
Q

Describe the distribution of the sympathetic chain ganglia

A

Located just ventral / lateral to the spinal cord:
3 ganglia in cervical region, 11 in thoracic region, 4 inlumbar region, 4-5 in sacral region
(~22-23 pairs in total)

18
Q

What are the three connective tissue components of a peripheral nerve?

A

Epineurium (Type 1 collaged & Fibroblasts - covers entire nerve)

Perineurium (Segregates axons into fascicles. A basal lamina surrounds layers of fibroblasts which are tightly adhered, forming a blood-nerve barrier)

Endoneurium (surrounds individual axons and their associated Schwann cells) -> Type III collaged fibrils and a few fibroblasts make up this layer

19
Q

What does osmium stain show?

A

Reacts with the lipid in the myelin sheath - black stain

20
Q

Functional significance of nodes of ranvier

A

Unmyelinated gap along the axon which is capable of propagating an electrical impulse - areas of myelin ‘insulate’ the axon so that the signal moves faster, node-to-node

21
Q

What is the structural and functional difference between myelinated and unmyelinated axons in the PNS and CNS?

A

Unmyelinated axons in CNS are essentially ‘naked’
Unmyelinated axons in PNS are still associated with schwann cells

Unmyelinated axons - generally slower conduction, more prone to injury, reduced capacity for repair

22
Q

What are the dark spots in white matter?

A

Nuclei of glial cells

23
Q

What are the different glial cells of the CNS?

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependyma

24
Q

FUnctions of Astrocytes

A

Functions:
Formation of the Glia Limitans - Thin membrane (tight junctions between foot processes) that contributes to the BBB underlying the pia mater.
Uptake of K ions (important for neuron polarisation/repolarisation process)
Undergo proliferation in resonse to neuronal injury
Recycling of neurotransmitters

25
Q

Functions of oligodendrocytes

They are associated with which important pathology?

A

Primary myelinators in the CNS***
Multiple cytoplasmic processes myelinate multiple axons
(Associated with MS)

26
Q

Functions of Microglia

A

Smallest of the glia

Resident immune cell - phagocytic functions, cytokine secretion, can be seen converging in a site of injury

27
Q

Function of Ependymal glial cells

A

Movement of CSF

28
Q

What are the glial cells of the PNS?

A 
Schwann Cell
Satellite cell (type of modified schwann cell)
29
Q

Function of Schwann Cells

A

Myelination of PNS axons
Unlike oligodendrocytes of CNS, one schwann cell myelinates a single axon. Cytoplasm forms concentric rings around the axon

30
Q

Describe the 2 types of Astrocytes and where they are found

A

Protoplasmic - grey matter - look like clouds with some spindy bits radiating outwards

Fibrous - Look fibrous with defined spindles radiating outwards

31
Q

Major way to differentiate dendrite from axon?

A

Rhibosomes not present in axons or axon hillocks, but are present in dendrites - visualized as nissl bodies

32
Q

What ATPases mediate axonal transport, and in which direction

A

Kinesin -> anterograde

Dynein -> Retrograde

33
Q

What type of axonal transport is thought to be responsible for peripheral neuropathies involving degeneration of the terminal ends of axons

A

Defective anterograde transport -> i.e. cannot transport cytoskeletal or cytosolic proteins and enzymes etc.

= Wallerian Degeneration

34
Q

What is the Neuropil?

What is the largest neuropil area in the body?

A

A synaptically dense area
With many dendrites, axons, and some glial cells
But relatively few neuron cell bodies

Brain = neuropil. Largest and highest concentration of synapses out of the whole body.

CAM304 INN C Lectures (8 decks)

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