Prac 1: skeleton 2A Flashcards
what is dorsal flexion
a state of hyperextension where the flexion angle is past 180. e.g. the metacarpophalangeal joint in a dog when standing.
Hyperextension: joint is past 180 away from the normal direction of flexion
what is the metacarpo/metatarso-phalangeal joint commonnly known as in a horse???
??
abduction
movement away from the midline of the body
adduction
towards the midline of the body
circumduction
extremity moved around in the shape of a cone: joint must be capable of adduction, abduction, flexion and extension to be able to do this
Types of movement: sliding/gliding
surface slides transversely across the opposing surface
Types of movement: rotation
circular movement of a a part around its long axis.
Types of movement: pronation of the forelimb
rotation of the forepaw inwards allowing the palmar surface to face downwards or outwards.
Types of movement: supination of the forelimb
outward rotation of the forepaw so the palmar surface faces inwards or upwards.
What structures in the forelimb of a dog allow rotation
Mostly due to the soft tissue of forearm and metacarpus. A little rotation of the radial head.
What structures in the hindlimb of a dog allow rotation
motion within the metatarsals, rotation of the tarsals and the stifle joint and hip allow for hindlimb rotation
Do dogs or cats have more potential for limb rotation?
cats
Types of movement: Eversion of the hindlimb
plantar surface of pes is turned to face laterally (pronation + abduction of metatarsus)
Types of movement: Inversion of the hindlimb
plantar surface of pes is turned to face medially (supination + adduction of the metatarsus)
what is the word for rotating the forelimb so the bottom of the paw faces:
- medially?
- laterally?
- supination
2. pronation
Types of joints in the body:
- Fibrous
- Cartilagenous
- Synovial
what are the 3 sub-types of fibrous joints?
a. syndesmosis: lots of intervening c/t (e.g. hyoid connecting to the skull)
b. suture: mostly just in the skull
c. Gomphosis: implantation of teeth in their sockets (gom.. sounds like gum)
what are the 2 sub-types of cartilagenous joints?
a. Hyaline: usually temporary (e.g. epiphyseal plates) but can be permanent (e.g. costo-chondral junctions on ribs)
b. Fibrocartilagenous: e.g. pelvic and mandibular symphyses. 2 bones firmly attached by fibrocartilage in the middle.
What is a synovial joint? give an e.g.
What are the 2 types?
Joints with a joint cavity containing synovial fluid, a joint capsule and articular cartilage.
can be:
1. simple (2 articulating surfaces) e.g. glenohumeral, or
2. Compound (more than 2 articular surfaces in same joint capsule) e.g. elbow.
What is the term for a “ball and socket” joint?
Spheroidal
What is the joint capsule made of?
outer: fibrous
inner: synovial membranes
Protraction:
movement of an body part forward
Retraction:
movement of a body part
backwards
What is the resting position of the distal interphalangeal Joint?
this joint is in dorsiflexion when the animal is in a plantigrade stance.
Can you visualise the direction of movement when flexion
occurs in the metacarpophalangeal joint?
yes, curling up the foot in a caudal/dorsal sort of direction.
In which direction will the claws move with hyperextension
(dorsiflexion) of the distal interphalangeal joint?
claws will be retracted with this movement.
Which joints might allow
circumduction?
hip, glenohumeral etc.
What changes in the range of motion of a joint can occur with loss of supporting structures?
The joint may have an increased range of motion outside of the normal range OR there may be movement in an abnormal direction which was previously prohibited by supporting structures.
OR there may be less range of movement due to supporting tissue losing the ability to accomodate movement. (e.g. loss of elasticity due to scarring of a previously injured ligament or tendon).
The elbow is a hinge type ofjoint and so is largely
restricted to this range of movement. What other (small amount of)movement is also possible within the elbow joint?
a small amount of transverse sliding and a a small amount of rotation at the radial head???? NOT SURE ABOUT THIS
What is the “normal Range of motion”?
The normal range of motion is the full extent to which a joint will permit movement in a given direction.
