Prac 1: skeleton 2A

Question 1

what is dorsal flexion

Answer 1

a state of hyperextension where the flexion angle is past 180. e.g. the metacarpophalangeal joint in a dog when standing.
Hyperextension: joint is past 180 away from the normal direction of flexion

Question 2

what is the metacarpo/metatarso-phalangeal joint commonnly known as in a horse???

Answer 2

??

Question 3

abduction

Answer 3

movement away from the midline of the body

Question 4

adduction

Answer 4

towards the midline of the body

Question 5

circumduction

Answer 5

extremity moved around in the shape of a cone: joint must be capable of adduction, abduction, flexion and extension to be able to do this

Question 6

Types of movement: sliding/gliding

Answer 6

surface slides transversely across the opposing surface

Question 7

Types of movement: rotation

Answer 7

circular movement of a a part around its long axis.

Question 8

Types of movement: pronation of the forelimb

Answer 8

rotation of the forepaw inwards allowing the palmar surface to face downwards or outwards.

Question 9

Types of movement: supination of the forelimb

Answer 9

outward rotation of the forepaw so the palmar surface faces inwards or upwards.

Question 10

What structures in the forelimb of a dog allow rotation

Answer 10

Mostly due to the soft tissue of forearm and metacarpus. A little rotation of the radial head.

Question 11

What structures in the hindlimb of a dog allow rotation

Answer 11

motion within the metatarsals, rotation of the tarsals and the stifle joint and hip allow for hindlimb rotation

Question 12

Do dogs or cats have more potential for limb rotation?

Answer 12

cats

Question 13

Types of movement: Eversion of the hindlimb

Answer 13

plantar surface of pes is turned to face laterally (pronation + abduction of metatarsus)

Question 14

Types of movement: Inversion of the hindlimb

Answer 14

plantar surface of pes is turned to face medially (supination + adduction of the metatarsus)

Question 15

what is the word for rotating the forelimb so the bottom of the paw faces:

1. medially?
2. laterally?

Answer 15

1. supination

2. pronation

Question 16

Types of joints in the body:

Answer 16

1. Fibrous
2. Cartilagenous
3. Synovial

Question 17

what are the 3 sub-types of fibrous joints?

Answer 17

a. syndesmosis: lots of intervening c/t (e.g. hyoid connecting to the skull)
b. suture: mostly just in the skull
c. Gomphosis: implantation of teeth in their sockets (gom.. sounds like gum)

Question 18

what are the 2 sub-types of cartilagenous joints?

Answer 18

a. Hyaline: usually temporary (e.g. epiphyseal plates) but can be permanent (e.g. costo-chondral junctions on ribs)
b. Fibrocartilagenous: e.g. pelvic and mandibular symphyses. 2 bones firmly attached by fibrocartilage in the middle.

Question 19

What is a synovial joint? give an e.g.

What are the 2 types?

Answer 19

Joints with a joint cavity containing synovial fluid, a joint capsule and articular cartilage.
can be:
1. simple (2 articulating surfaces) e.g. glenohumeral, or
2. Compound (more than 2 articular surfaces in same joint capsule) e.g. elbow.

Question 20

What is the term for a “ball and socket” joint?

Answer 20

Spheroidal

Question 21

What is the joint capsule made of?

Answer 21

outer: fibrous
inner: synovial membranes

Question 22

Protraction:

Answer 22

movement of an body part forward

Question 23

Retraction:

Answer 23

movement of a body part

backwards

Question 24

What is the resting position of the distal interphalangeal Joint?

Answer 24

this joint is in dorsiflexion when the animal is in a plantigrade stance.

Question 25

Can you visualise the direction of movement when flexion

occurs in the metacarpophalangeal joint?

Answer 25

yes, curling up the foot in a caudal/dorsal sort of direction.

Question 26

In which direction will the claws move with hyperextension

(dorsiflexion) of the distal interphalangeal joint?

Answer 26

claws will be retracted with this movement.

Question 27

Which joints might allow

circumduction?

Answer 27

hip, glenohumeral etc.

Question 28

What changes in the range of motion of a joint can occur with loss of supporting structures?

Answer 28

The joint may have an increased range of motion outside of the normal range OR there may be movement in an abnormal direction which was previously prohibited by supporting structures.
OR there may be less range of movement due to supporting tissue losing the ability to accomodate movement. (e.g. loss of elasticity due to scarring of a previously injured ligament or tendon).

Question 29

The elbow is a hinge type ofjoint and so is largely

restricted to this range of movement. What other (small amount of)movement is also possible within the elbow joint?

Answer 29

a small amount of transverse sliding and a a small amount of rotation at the radial head???? NOT SURE ABOUT THIS

Question 30

What is the “normal Range of motion”?

Answer 30

The normal range of motion is the full extent to which a joint will permit movement in a given direction.