PR2 Flashcards
is a comprehensive summary of previous research on a topic. The literature review surveys scholarly articles, books, and other sources relevant to a particular area of research.
A literature review
Requires a detailed examination of the literature, in order to compare and evaluate a number of perspectives.
Critical Review
Often used at the beginning of an article, dissertation, or research proposal. It is conducted before the research begins and sets the stage for this research by highlighting gaps in the literature and explaining the need for the research about to be conducted, which is presented in the remainder of the article.
Scoping Review
Groups articles according to concepts, or categories, or themes. It identifies the current ‘understanding’ of the given research topic, discusses how this understanding was reached, and attempts to determine whether a greater understanding can be suggested. It provides a snapshot of where things are with this particular field of research.
Conceptual Review
Conducted periodically, with a focus on the most recent research. It describes what is currently know, understood, or agreed upon regarding the research topic, and highlights where are there still disagreements.
State-of-the-art Review
refers to the body of published and unpublished materials that are directly or indirectly relevant to a specific research topic, problem, or question.
“Related literature”
Scholarly journals often take the form of literature reviews, book reviews, or research studies.
Scholarly Journal
Try to limit your reference materials to books, that are either readers; collections of scholarly and expert essays; annual research books containing studies and reports, and others created by reputable sources.
Books
is an edited and synthesized collection of original research reports.
Reader
contains articles and essays organized around a particular topic.
Compendium
have a volume number specific for a certain year and underline a general research idea.
Annual reports
Most postgraduate students are required to complete their individual research. Some are eventually published as books, book chapters, or journal articles.
Thesis and Dissertations
Government units conduct or commission studies and publish official reports.
Government documents
Professional organizations in academic fields annually hold meetings and conferences.
Policy reports and presented papers
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Structured
Thematic
Critical
Briefly describes the content of the section and how it is organized.
Introduction
Must review scholarly literature related to the independent variable.
Topic 1
Similar procedures must be observed when discussing dependent variables and the subsidiary measures utilized.
Topic 2
Explains why the independent and dependent variables are related. This section must contain past studies similar to your own research.
Topic 3
Highlight the major themes, briefly explain the major and seminal studies on your topic, identify the gap that needs to be addressed, and explain how your proposed study will contribute or address that gap.
Summary/Synthesis
As mentioned in the discussion of the RRL structure, the concepts shall be arranged, synthesized, and presented based on its main point or stand. Literature with similar contents shall be grouped together under a subtopic or theme.
Thematic
The RRL is a review. Meaning, it is more than a summary. It shall compare and contrast points from different authors. It shall have “descriptive” and “interpretive” accounts.
Critical
focuses on reporting what the previous studies or sources have said without significant analysis or interpretation. The purpose of a descriptive account is to present the existing knowledge and research on a particular topic or subject in a clear and concise manner.
descriptive account
goes beyond mere summarization and delves into the analysis and interpretation of the information and findings presented in the literature. It involves critically examining the sources and offering insights, critiques, and explanations regarding the themes, patterns, and implications of the research.
interpretive account
An act of quoting or copying the exact words of the writer and passing the quoted words off as your own words. The leading act of plagiarism is using the words of the original text in expressing your understanding of the reading material. (Ransome, 2013)
Plagiarism
This is the most straightforward form of plagiarism, where a person copies text directly from a source and presents it as their own without any quotation marks or proper citation.
Copy-and-Paste Plagiarism
involves rewriting someone else’s work in your own words. However, if you do this without proper citation and without significantly altering the original content, it still constitutes plagiarism.
Paraphrasing Plagiarism
is a type of plagiarism where a person attempts to rephrase or rework sections of a source text, but the resulting content still closely resembles the original and lacks proper citation.
Patchwriting
Also known as auto plagiarism, this occurs when a person submits their own previously published work as new or original without proper citation. It’s important to cite your own work if you reuse it in a new context.
Self-Plagiarism
This form of plagiarism involves collaborating with others on an assignment but submitting the work as if it were your own individual effort. Collusion is often considered unethical in an academic setting.
Collusion
Failing to properly cite or attribute sources, or incorrectly citing sources, can also constitute plagiarism. It’s important to follow the appropriate citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago) and provide full and accurate references.
Incomplete Citation or Misattribution
In this form of plagiarism, an individual invents or falsifies sources or data to support their claims, which is not only unethical but also fraudulent.
Source Fabrication
Plagiarism is not limited to words; it can also involve stealing someone else’s ideas or concepts without giving them credit. Even if you rephrase the text, if you use someone else’s unique ideas or insights without citation, it is considered plagiarism.
Idea Plagiarism
References within the main body of the texts, specifically in Review of Related Literature.
APA style is use (American Psychological Association)
Citation or In-text Citation
This is one way of citing or referring to the author whose ideas appear in your work.
Integral Citation
This citation style downplays any strength of the writer’s personal characteristics. The stress is given to the piece of information rather than to the owner of the ideas.
Non-Integral Citation
It is a shortened version of the original text that is expressed in your own language. Making the text short, you have to pick out only the most important ideas or aspects of the text.
Summary
Instead of shortening the form of the text, explain what the text means to you using your own words. In doing so, it is possible that your explanations may decrease or exceed the number of words of the original text.
Paraphrase
Only a part of the author’s sentence, the whole sentence, or several sentences, not exceeding 40 words, is what you can quote or repeat in writing through this citation pattern. Since this makes you copy the exact words of the writer, it is necessary that you give the number of the page where the readers can find the copied words.
Short Direct Quotation
This citation pattern makes you copy the author’s exact words numbering from 40 up to 100 words. Under APA, the limit is eight lines. Placed at the center of the page with no indentation, the copied lines look like they compose a stanza of a poem.
Long Direct Quotation or Block Quotation, or Extract.
Active verbs are effective words to use in reporting author’s ideas.
Presenting their ideas in any of these tenses: present, simple past, or present perfect tense.
The APA system, however, prefers the use of present perfect tense.
Tense of verbs for reporting
A structure that provides “guidance for the researcher as study questions are fine-tuned, methods for measuring variables are selected and analyses are planned” (Liehr & Smith, 1999: 13).
RESEARCH FRAMEWORK
are constructed in order to explain, predict, and master phenomena (e.g. relationships, events, or the behavior). In many instances we are constructing models of reality.
Theories
It is the ‘blueprint’ or guide for research (Grant & Osanloo, 2014). It is ‘borrowed’ by the researcher to build his/her own house.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
is a structure which the researcher believes could best explain the natural progression of the phenomenon to be studied (Camp, 2001).
Conceptual framework
is defined by a researcher by identifying the unit being sampled, the geographical location of the sample, and the temporal boundaries of the population.
Population
It is the entire group that you want to draw conclusions about.
Population
it is the specific group that you will collect data from.
Sample
pure chance selection
Simple Random
chance and system
Systematic
divided into groups called according to some criterion such as geographic location, grade level, age or income and subsamples strata.
Stratified
isolate a set of persons instead of individual members to serve as sample members.
Cluster
know the characteristics of the target population very well.
Quota Sampling
selected based on experienced individual’s belief.
Purposive or Judgmental Sampling
selection of individuals easiest to reach.
Availability or Convenience Sampling
It is a systematic process of gathering observations or measurements.
The aim of the research
The type of data that you will collect.
The methods and procedures you will use to collect, store, and process the data.
Data Collection
or raw data a is a type of information that is obtained directly from the first -hand source through experiments, surveys, or observations.
Primary data
is data collected by someone other than the actual user. It means that the information is already available, and someone analyses it.
Secondary data
It is a tool used to collect, measure, and analyze data related to your research interests. It is usually determined by researcher and is tied to the study methodology.
Research Instrument
means how well the participants’ answers match those outside the study.
Validity
means whether the research data can be generalized or applied to the whole population.
Generalizability
means whether the research method will produce similar results multiple times.
Reliability
means whether the research results can be used for other research purposes.
Replicability
These types of questions do not have predetermined options or answers.
* Open -ended questions often need probing or follow -up questions to clarify certain items in the subject’s response.
* Typically ask the “how and “why” of something.
Open Ended Questions
Have two possible answers, often either yes/no, true/false or agree/disagree.
▹ These questions are used when the researcher wants to clearly distinguish the respondent’s opinion, preference, experience, or behavior.
Dichotomous
These are intended for certain respondents only, depending on the provided answers.
▹ A respondent is asked whether they used any illegal drugs or substances. Only those who answered “yes” are required to answer the succeeding items.
Contingency Questions
It refers to the numerical representation and manipulation of observations for the purpose of describing and explaining the phenomena that those observations reflect.
Data Analysis
show the common, typical, popular, or average value in a given set.
Measures of central tendency
indicates the average performance of a group on some measure of a variable.
Mean
is the exact midpoint of a list of values, arranged from lowest to highest.
Median
is the most frequently observed or the most frequently occurring value.
Mode
is used to determine whether the means of two groups are statistically different from one another.
T-test
is used to determine if there is significant difference among the means of three or more groups.
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
is used to compare group frequencies, or to see if an event occurs more frequently in one group than another.
Chi-square
