PR2 Flashcards
more systematic and
controlled than qualitative.
Quantitative research
defined as the logical and coherent
overall strategy that the researcher uses to integrate all
the components of the research study (Barrot, 2017, p
102).
Research design
It is a design that is exploratory in nature. The
purpose is basically to
answer questions such as who, what, where,
when, and how much. So, this design is best used
when the main objective of the study is just to observe
and report a certain phenomenon as it is happening
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
This design seeks to establish an association between
variables. It does not seek cause and effect
relationship like descriptive research; it measures
variables as it occurs. It has two major purposes: (a)
to clarify the relationship between variables and (b)
predict the magnitude of the association.
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
objective of the study is to measure a cause
from a pre-existing effect, this
research design is more appropriate to use. In this
design, the researcher has no control over the
variables in the research study. Thus, one cannot
conclude that the changes measured happen during the
actual conduct of the study.
EX POST FACTO
This research design aims to measure the causal
relationship between variables. The effect measured
is considered to have occurred during the conduct of
QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL
This research design is based on the scientific
method called experiment with a procedure of
gathering data under a controlled or manipulated
environment. It is also known as true experimental
design since it applies treatment and manipulation
more extensively compared to quasi-experimental
design,
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
TWO TYPES OF POPULATION
TARGET POPULATION
ACCESSIBLE POPULATION
actual
population
TARGET POPULATION
portion of
the population in which the researcher has
reasonable access.
ACCESSIBLE POPULATION
systematic process of selecting the
group to be analyzed in the research study.
SAMPLING
representative subset of the population
SAMPLE
refers to the rule of the thumb
HEURISTICS
being established for the
computation of an acceptable sample size.
FORMULAS
common formula
Slovin’s Formula.
This approach is founded on the principle of
power analysis. There are two principles you
need to consider if you are going to use this
approach: these are statistical power and
effect size.
POWER ANALYSIS
It is a way of choosing individuals in which all
members of the accessible population are given
an equal chance to be selected.
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
also gives an equal chance to all
members of the population to be chosen.
* However, the population is first divided into
strata or groups before selecting the samples.
STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
This procedure is usually applied in large-scale
studies, geographical spread out of the population
is a challenge, and gathering information will be
very time-consuming.
CLUSTER SAMPLING
This procedure is as simple as selecting samples
every nth (example every 2nd, 5th) of the chosen
population until arriving at a desired total number
of sample size. Therefore, the selection is based on
a predetermined interval. Dividing the population
size by the sample size, the interval will be
obtained.
SYSTEMATIC
RANDOM SAMPLING
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD RESEARCH
INSTRUMENT
CONCISE
SEQUENTIAL
VALID AND RELIABLE
EASILY TABULATED
WAYS IN DEVELOPING RESEARCH
INSTRUMENT
- Adopting an Instrument
- Modifying an Existing Instrument
- Researcher Made his Own Instrument
most common scale used in
quantitative research. Respondents were asked to
rate or rank statements according to the scale
provided.
LIKERT SCALE
In this scale, a series of bipolar adjectives will be
rated by the respondents. This scale seems to be
more advantageous since it is more flexible and
easier to construct.
SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL
COMMON SCALES USED IN QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
*LIKERT SCALE
*SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL
TYPES OF VALIDITY OF INSTRUMENT
- FACE VALIDITY
*CONTENT VALIDITY
*CONSTRUCT VALIDITY
*CONCURRENT VALIDITY
*PREDICTIVE VALIDITY
It is also known as “logical validity.” It calls for
an initiative judgment of the instruments as it
“appear.” Just by looking at the instrument, the
researcher decides if it is valid.
FACE VALIDITY
An instrument that is judged with content
validity meets the objectives of the study. It is
done by checking the statements or questions if
this elicits the needed information.
CONTENT VALIDITY
It refers to the validity of instruments as it
corresponds to the theoretical construct of the
study. It is concerning if a specific measure
relates to other measures.
CONSTRUCT VALIDITY
When the instrument can predict results similar
to those similar tests already validated, it has
concurrent validity.
CONCURRENT VALIDITY
When the instrument is able to produce results
similar to those similar tests that will be
employed in the future, it has predictive validity.
This is particularly useful for the aptitude test.
PREDICTIVE VALIDITY
refers to the consistency of the
measures or results of the instrument.
RELIABILITY OF INSTRUMENT
achieved by giving the same test to the same
group of respondents twice. The consistency of the
two scores will be checked.
TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY
It is established by administering two identical tests
except for wordings to the same group of
respondents.
EQUIVALENT FORMS RELIABILITY
It determines how well the items measure the same
construct. It is reasonable that when a respondent gets
a high score in one item, he will also get one in similar
items. There are three ways to measure the internal
consistency; through the split-half coefficient,
Cronbach’s alpha, and Kuder-Richardson formula.
INTERNAL CONSISTENCY RELIABILITY
