PR2 Flashcards
MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE
Administrative survey is a kind of survey that includes the total process of collecting, compiling, analyzing, evaluating, publishing, and disseminating statistical data regarding the population and housing with their geographical location.
FALSE
Administrative survey -> Census
MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE
Test papers are research instruments that are used to measure academic performance or achievements in various learning areas.
TRUE
MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE
Inferential data analysis refers to the critical process of performing initial investigations on data so as to discover patterns, spot anomalies, test hypothesis, and check assumptions with the help of statistics and graphical representations.
FALSE
Inferential -> Exploratory
MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE
Cluster sampling divides the population into strata.
FALSE
Cluster -> Stratified
MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE
In Multi-stage sampling, the population is grouped by hierarchy from which sampling is
done in each stage.
TRUE
MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE
Construct validity, a parameter often used in sociology, psychology, and other behavioral sciences, refers to the degree to which two measures of constructs that theoretically should be related, are in fact related
FALSE
CONSTRUCT -> CONVERGENT
MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE
Concurrent validity refers to the extent to which particular test results, or measurements, correspond to those of a previously established measurement for the same construct.
TRUE
MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE
Predictive validity shows the future outcome.
TRUE
MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE
Criterion-related Validity is determined by the degree to which the scores on the given
test are correlated to test scores administered at a previous point in time.
FALSE
CRITERION RELATED -> POST DICTIVE
MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE
Sample size in quantitative research can be calculated using the significance of the study, standard deviation, and effect size.
TRUE
It is a design that uses a group as a sample rather than an individual.
CLUSTER SAMPLING
It is choosing the nth name in a population as the sample.
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
Often used in qualitative, where selection is arbitrary,
NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING
It can be calculated from the standard deviation, significance power, and effect size.
SAMPLE SIZE
This validity test refers to the translation of concepts, ideas, or behavior to a functioning and operating reality.
CONSTRUCT VALIDITY
Refers to the degree to which two measures of constructs that are theoretically related should be related.
CONVERGENT VALIDITY
It is a method of establishing reliability where the same test is given to a group of respondents twice.
TEST- RETEST
It is essentially concerned with how consistently a measurement scale measures what
it is supposed to measure.
RELIABILITY
This data collection method involves questionnaires or interviews to collect data about
people and their preferences, thoughts, behaviors, opinions, and attitudes in a systematic manner.
SURVEY RESEARCH
It is a data collection method that analyzes documents and texts that seek to quantify
content in terms of predetermined categories and a systematic and replicable manner.
CONTENT ANALYSIS
(1-4) Data collection Method in Quantitative Research
1.EXPERIMENTS
- CONTROLLED OBSERVATIONS
- SURVEY (PAPERS, MOBILE, QUESTIONNAIRES )
- TELEPHONE INTERVIEWS
(5-7) Measures of Central Tendency
- MEAN - WEIGHTED MEAN
- MEDIAN
- MODE
(8-10) Recommendations for future research should be:
- CONCRETE AND SPECIFIC
- SUPPORTED WITH CLEAR RATIONALE
- DIRECTLY CONNECTED TO YOUR RESEARCH
(11-13) Assumptions in T-test
- DATA ARE INDEPENDENT
- DATA ARE APPROXIMATELY NORMALLY DISTRIBUTED
- DATA HAVE SIMILAR AMOUNT OF VARIANCES TO WITHIN EACH GROUP BEING COMPARED.
(11-13) Assumptions in T-test
(14-17) Survey Research Instruments
- QUESTIONNAIRE
- FOCUS ON GROUP DISCUSSION
- INTERVIEW
- OBSERVATIONS
(18-20) STATISTICS USED IN LIKERT SCALE
- BAR CHART
- MEDIAN
- MODE
To write your research design in your paper, you
must observe the following:
- State the type of quantitative research you will
employ in your paper. - Define the type of research you decided to use
in your paper because it will help you justify
your decision to choose such a research
design. - Justify why you have used the design and
explain how it will help you accomplish your
paper.
In the Locale of the Study or sometimes Research
Locale must include the following elements:
Location
Total Population
you need to write to
your Respondents or Participants of the Study. It
should include the following elements:
Sample (derived from the population)
The formula used in determining the sampling
size
Result of the sampling computation
Justification in using the sampling computation
Sampling design in completing or choosing the
participants of the sample
Two types of sampling designs
Probability
Non-Probability
These designs are referred to as non-
probability sampling designs, which are often used in
qualitative.
Purposive, Convenience, Theoretical sampling
designs.
*All members of a population are given
an equal chance to be selected.
*Selection is made either by drawing a
lot or the use of the table of random
numbers.
(Simple)
Random
Sampling
It is dividing the population into strata
and drawing the sample at random
from each division.
Stratified
Sampling
It is a design that uses a group as a
sample rather than an individual.
Cluster design
Stages do it: two, three, four as the
case may be depending on the
number of stages sampling is made.
Multi-stage
Sampling
BONUS
Sample size may also be calculated from the
standard deviation, significance power, and
effect size.
This formula is used to figure out what sample
size you need to take. This is usually used if you
do not anything about your target population.
SLOVIN’S FORMULA
According to ______, it is not possible to calculate
its statistical power, and there are no clear reference
texts that exact error tolerance is.
Ryan (2013)
________ formula may be used for a population
of more than 100.
CALMORIN’S
ADVANTAGE OR DISADVANTAGE OF SAMPLING
It minimizes time,
money, and effort.
Sampling respondents/
participants are
minimized but they are
the representation
of the population. As
such, data collection,
analysis, and
interpretation are
lessened.
ADVANTAGE
ADVANTAGE OR DISADVANTAGE OF SAMPLING
It makes research more
accurate because the
small size of collected
data has fewer errors in
tabulation, presentation,
analysis, and
interpretation than larger
data.
ADVANTAGE
ADVANTAGE OR DISADVANTAGE
It may become
complicated, especially in
laborious ones.
DISADVANTAGE
ADVANTAGE OR DISADVANTAGE
The characteristic to be
observed may rarely occur
in a population such as a
teacher with 30 years of
teaching experience.
DISADVANTAGE
ADVANTAGE OR DISADVANTAGE
It makes research more
accurate because the
small size of collected
data has fewer errors in
tabulation, presentation,
analysis, and
interpretation than larger
data.
ADVANTAGE
ADVANTAGE OR DISADVANTAGE
It makes research faster
and cheaper. Having a
small portion as the
representative of the
population, collection,
analysis, and
interpretation of data is
faster and cheaper.
ADVANTAGE
ADVANTAGE OR DISADVANTAGE
There is a need for an
expert to conduct a
study in a certain area.
DISADVANTAGE
ADVANTAGE OR DISADVANTAGE
The result of a study may
be misleading if incorrect
sampling design or
incorrectly following
sampling is implemented.
DISADVANTAGE
ADVANTAGE OR DISADVANTAGE
It is more effective
because every
individual in the
population is given an
equal chance to be
selected through
sampling. Hence, data
are scientifically
gathered, analyzed, and
interpreted.
ADVANTAGE
is the ability of an instrument to measure what it
intends to measure.
Validity
- subjective judgment
- related to a specific construct, in the judgment of
non-experts
-It evaluates the
questionnaires appearance in terms of
feasibility, readability, consistency of style and
formatting, and the clarity of the language used.
Face Validity
-This is determined by studying the questions to
see whether they are able to elicit the necessary
information.
- relies instead on logical
judgment
-An instrument with high content
validity
-based solely on a systematic comparison of the
test
Content Validity
_________ validity refers to
how well you translated or transformed a
concept, idea, or behavior that constructs a
functioning and operating reality, the
operationalization.
Construct Validity
is the extent to which latent variable A
discriminates from other latent variables
- _____ validity (or divergent validity) tests
that constructs that should have no relationship
do, in fact,not have any relationship.
Discriminant Validity
Construct validity has two
components:
convergent and discriminant
validity
refers to the degree to which two measures of
constructs that theoretically should be related,
are in fact related.
Convergent Validity
This type of validity is an expression of how
scores from the test are correlated with an
external criterion
Criterion-related Validity or Equivalence Test.
is a type of evidence that can be gathered to
defend using a test for predicting other
outcomes.
Concurrent validity
The survey is predictively valid if the test
accurately predicts what it is supposed to predict.
Predictive validity
is essentially concerned with ‘measurement
error,’ i.e., how consistently or dependably a
measurement scale measures what it is
supposed to measure.
Reliability
determined by the
degree to which thescores on a given test are
related to the scores on another, already
established test or criterion administered at a
previous point in time(Taherdoost 2016).
Postdictive validity
The same test is given to a group of
respondents twice.
TEST- RETEST
-The person’s mental recollection of his/her responses that he/she gives during the first
measurement is quite likely to influence the answers he/she provides during the second
measurement.
-Memory effects may affect
reliability estimates.
Overestimation due to memory
- Items sought must be correlated with each other,
and the test should be internally consistent. - it is reasonable to assume that a respondent who
gets one item right is likely to answer another
item that is similar correctly.
Internal Consistency
a method of establishing internal
consistency wherein a test is given only once to
the respondents.
Split half
This method measures the extent to which items
in one form of a test share commonalities with
one another as do the items of an equivalence
test form. This is also called the item total
correlation.
Kuder-Richardson Test
The instrument should be able to identify a case
correctly. (i.e., screen or diagnoses a condition
correctly)
SENSITIVITY
The instrument should identify a non-case
correctly (i.e., to screen out those without the
conditions correctly).
SPECIFICITY
Subjects and researchers should be able to
comprehend the behavior required to secure
accurate and valid measurements.
Comprehensibility.
An instrument should discriminate between
people who exhibit varying degrees of an
attribute as precisely as possible.
Precision.
- The researcher should not rush the measuring
process so that he/she can obtain reliable
measurements.
5.Speed.
The instrument should detect the smallest
expected value of the variable to the largest to
obtain meaningful measurements.
RANGE
A researcher normally strives to construct
equally accurate and sensitive measures over
the entire range of values.
LINEARITY
The instrument should, as much as possible,
avoid affecting the attribute being measured.
REACTIVITY
-This method involves
questionnaires or interviews
-usually
used in social science
SURVEY REASEARCH
- It is the most rigorous research
design.
-Independent variables are
manipulated, subjects are
randomly assigned to different
treatments or interventions, and
the treatments results on
outcomes are observed.
EXPERIMENT
The use and analysis of official
statistics for social research
purposes is another alternative to
collecting quantitative data.
Official Statistics
This approach analyzes
documents and texts that seek to
quantify content in terms of
predetermined categories and a
systematic and replicable manner.
Content Analysis
- is also
called a standardized
interview.
-The aim of this
interview is for all interviewees
to be given the same context
of questioning.
Structured Interview
is pretty much
the same as the structured
interview. The difference is it is
self accomplished and has no
interviewer.
Example of these includes
bio-data, enrollment forms, or
registrations forms.
Self Administration Questionnaire
Self Completion Questionnaire
they are also
classified as SAQ, but the
content is more
of knowing someone’s opinion,
attitude, or perception.
Survey Questionnaire
Typically used in Education,
these instruments are used to
measured academic
performance or achievements
in various learning areas.
Test Papers
It is an objective collection of data which is
primarily focused on numbers and values – it
suggests “associated to, of or depicted in terms
of a quantity”.
It is usually used in situations where the
respondents cannot answer the researcher’s
questions to obtain information for a research
study.
OBSERVATION
It is a survey which is carried out using a
sampling method, i.e. in which a portion only,
and not the whole population is surveyed
SAMPLE SURVEY
This kind of data is now supported
with various ICT tools and software making it
easy to organizations especially government,
schools, industry, NGO to update their records
efficiently and effectively and put up their
ownManagement Information System
Administrative Survey
It includes the total process of collecting,
compiling, analyzing, evaluating, publishing and
disseminating statistical data regarding the
population and housing and their geographical
location.
CENSUS
It is a survey (in written or oral form) of
graduates from education institutions, which
takes place sometime after graduation or the
end of the training.
TRACER STUDIES
It like qualitative interviews in that they involve
some researcher/respondent interaction. But the
process of conducting and analyzing findings
from quantitative interviews also differs in
several ways from that of qualitative interviews.
Quantitative Interview
It may be standardized, or researcher made
Questionnaire
are used to explore the data
collected and to summarize as describe those data.
Descriptive Statistics
Inferential Statistics uses the sample
datas information to increase the researchers’
knowledge about the sampled population.
Inferential Statistics
The __________ tells you how significant the
differences between groups are; In other words,
it lets you know if those differences (measured in
means) could have happened by chance
T-test
_____ is used when significance of difference
of means of two or more groups are to be
determined at one time
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
This is used when data available are expressed
in terms of ranks
SPEARMAN RHO
This is used when data are expressed in terms
of scores such as weights and heights or scores
in a test
PEARSON R
_______- Is a measure of the
spread or variation of data about the mean
STANDARD DEVIATION
This measure of spread is defined as the
absolute difference or deviation between the
values in a set of data and the mean, divided by
the total number of values in the set of data.
MEAN DEVIATION
It shows the scatterings of the data. It tells the
variation of the data from one another and gives
a clear idea about the distribution of the data.
The measure of dispersion shows the
homogeneity or the heterogeneity of the
distribution of the observations
MEASURE THE DISPERSION
The range is the difference between the largest
and the smallest values in a set of data
RANGE
is the most appropriate
measure of central tendency for ordinal data
MEDIAN
is the most frequently occurring value
in a set of observations.
MODE
is necessary
in some situations.Suppose that you are given the
means of two or more measurements and you wish to
find the mean of all the measures combined into one
group
WEIGHTED MEAN
__________ measurement the numerical values
just “name” the attribute uniquely. No ordering of
the cases is implied.
NOMINAL
________v measurement the attributes can be
rank ordered. Here, distances between attributes
do not have any meaning.
ORDINAL
________ measurement the distance between
attributes does have meaning. For example,
when we measure temperature
INTERVAL
______ measurement there is always an
absolute zero that is meaningful. This means
that you can construct a meaningful fraction
RATIO
______ measurement there is always an
absolute zero that is meaningful. This means
that you can construct a meaningful fraction
RATIO
