Pr-2 Flashcards
states the situation or circumstances within which your
research topic is conceptualized.
Background of the study
is the focus of investigation
Research Problem
Characteristics of good research questions
feasible, clear, significant, and ethical
specifies the coverage of your study such as variables, population or
participant, and timeline
scope
cites factors of your study that are not included or
excluded or those you will not deal in your study
Delimitation
is the structure or blueprint of the research plan and helps the researcher
formulate relevant research questions.
Research Framework
is used for studies which anchor on time-tested theories that relate the
findings of the investigation to the underpinning relevant theory of knowledge.
Theoretical framework
is the actual ideas, beliefs, and tentative theories that
specifically support the study.
Conceptual framework
is a visual representation of information that helps show the relationship between
ideas.
Concept map
is the meaning of the term that is based on how it is define in the
dictionary or encyclopedia.
Conceptual definition
is the meaning of the term based on how it was used in the study.
Operational definition
is an assumption about the relationship between two or more variables.
Hypothesis
There are seven basic types of hypothesis; these are
Simple, Complex, Empirical, Logical,
Statistical, Null, and Alternative
relates relationship between the variables and can also predict its
nature. It illustrates the direct association of the impact of the independent variable to the
dependent variable whether it is positively or negatively affected. The direction of the statement
should be clear and justified according to the findings of the study.
Directional hypothesis
is used when there is no principle involved. It is a premise that the
direction of the effect is not specifically determined. It is a statement that reflects the association
of the independent variable to the dependent variable without predicting the exact nature of
direction of the relationship
Non-directional hypothesis
is a compilation of studies related to a specific area of
research. It evaluates, classifies and summarizes all the relevant previous studies conducted
on a specified topic.
Review of related literature
is primarily focused on the content or contextual aspect of research. Usually it
is a type of review in which the researcher relates his or her study to a larger body of knowledge.
Context review
a specialized type of literature review in which the researcher
organizes the related researches according to the period of time it was conducted. It focuses on
probing research in a specified field throughout a chronological order, which usually starts from
the farthest period of time going to the most recent studies.
Historical reviews
is a common type of literature review in which the researcher
introduces and summarizes the recent knowledge of the study. It emphasizes the
agreements and disagreements of knowledge among various previous researches
Integrative review
is a specialized type of literature review in which the researcher
gathers and compares and contrast other studies to the current research. It basically summarizes
and evaluates the strengths and gaps in methodological aspects of various studies.
Methodological review
bits of information or facts known by everyone
Data
are measurable, numerical, and related to a metrical system
Quantitative data
is an activity that allows the researcher to obtain relevant information
regarding the specified research questions or objectives.
Data Collection
comprise questionnaires, interviews, test, and
observation
Quantitative
research
instruments
consists of a series of questions for the purpose of gathering information from
respondents about a research topic.
Questionnaire
are research instruments used for assessing various skills and types of behavior as well as
for describing certain characteristics
Tests
is a method of collecting data about
an individualโs behaviors,
opinions, values, emotions, and demographic characteristics using numerical data.
Quantitative interview
is used frequently in qualitative research. It is also used in quantitative
research when the characteristics being observed are quantitative in nature such as length,
width, height, weight, volume, area, temperature, cost, level, age, time, and speed
Observation
is a free online form that enables the researcher to construct, administer, and
analyze surveys.
Google Forms
is a document that provides the participants with the
information they need in deciding whether they will participate or not in your study.
Informed Consent Form
is a process wherein the collected data are checked for consistency, accuracy,
organization, and clarity
Editing
is a process wherein the collected data are categorized and organized. Labeling, using
of numbers and symbols are also applied. - Tabulation is a process of arranging data into a table.
This maybe done manually or electronically using MS Excel
Coding
is the organization of raw data in table form, using classes and
frequencies.
Frequency distribution
are composed of graphs, bars, tables, charts, diagrams, illustrations,
drawings and maps.
Non-prose materials
are non-prose materials that help condense and classify information using columns and
rows.
Tables
when both values have the same directions (increase or decrease)
Positive Correlation
when one value increases, the other one decreases and vice versa
Negative Correlation
the two variables have no relationship with each other
No Correlation
is a statistical method used for determining whether there is a linear
relationship between variable.
Pearsonโs r
is a statistical technique that tests the relationship between ordinal
variables.
Spearmanโs Rho (๐)
tests the difference among groups concerning one variable
One-way ANOVA
is used for determining the relationships between two independent
nominal variables (factors) and one dependent interval or continuous variable. It serves as an
extension of the one-way ANOVA
Two-way ANOVA
is a statistical tool that is used for testing the relationship between one
dependent variable and at least two independent variables
Multiple Regression
are statistical technique that tests the difference between two means
T-Tests
refers to the average score of the given set of values.
Mean
refers to how spread out the values are across the data set you are studying
Variance
refers to how spread out the values are across the data set you are studying
Variance
is the square root of the variance
Standard Deviation (SD)
is also known as the significance level. It refers to the probability value that
must be reached before claiming that the findings obtained are statistically significan
Alpha level (๐ถ)
is a calculated probability that is compared to the alpha level. If the p-value is lower
than the set alpha level, there is a difference between the scores obtained for the two groups
(statistically significant)
p-value (๐)
is the statistic computed for the t-tests including the extent of the difference between
the two groups being examined
t-value (๐)
refers to the number of values in the final computation of statistic that
has freedom to vary. If you have one sample.
Degree of Freedom (๐ ๐)
In this type of t-test, the sample groups
are highly related to each other, since they involve the same subjects (e.g. pretest and posttest
groups).
T-test for Two Dependent Samples (Paired t-test)
the difference between data sets from two different
groups such as in the case of the control and treatment groups. Statistical hypothesis is an
assumption about a population parameter.
T-test for Two Independent Samples tests
indicates that the null hypothesis should be rejected when the testvalue is in
the critical region on one side of the mean.
one-tailed test
is either aright-tailed test ora left-tailed test, depending on the
direction of the inequality of thealternative hypothesis.
one-tailed test
the null hypothesis should be rejected when the test value is ineither of the
two critical regions.
two-tailed test
