PR Flashcards
are the tools used to gather data for analysis in a research study.Single line text.
Research instruments
addresses the question “How does the researcher answer the questions stated in Chapter 1?”
Research Methodology
used to analyze primary and secondary sourcesthat are availablemostly in churches, schools, public or private offices, hospitals, or in community, municipal, and city halls.
Documentary Analysis
done through the interview schedule.
Interview
This also includes life histories, which are the narratives or self-disclosures about an individual’s life experiences.
Focus Group Interview
In obtaining data, the following are used
Audio Tapes
Video Tapes
Smartphones
Cell Phones
In the form of normal conversations or freewheeling of ideas
Unstructured
following a particular sequence in the conduct of questioning and with a well-defined content
Structured
There are specific set of questions, butare also additional probes that may be done in an open-minded or closed-ended
Semi-Structured
This involves the researcher to participate actively in the conduct of the research using the observation guide or observation checklist.
Observation
must be in a quiet and inconspicuous manner so as to get realistic data.
Observation
the condition wherein the subject of observation has no knowledge that he/she is being observed
Concealment
The researcher uses a checklist as data collection tool that this collection tool specifies expected behaviors of interest, and the researchers records the frequency of the occurrences of these behaviors.
Structured
The researcher observes things as they happen that researcher has no preconceived ideas about what will be observed
Unstructured
involve the collection of physical data from the subjects.
Physiological Measures
Include personality and projective techniques
Psychological Tests
are self-reported measures that assess the differences in personality traits, needs, or values of people
Personality Inventories
The subject is presented with a stimulus designed to be ambiguous or vague meaning in which the subject is then asked to describe the stimulus/tell what the stimulus appears to represent
Projective Techniques
Subjects are presented with cards containing designs which are actually inkblots
Rorschach Inkblot Test
These consist of sets of pictures about which the subjects are asked to tell stories or what they think is happening
Thematic Apperception Tests
It is a list of questionnaires about a particular topic, with spaces provides for response of each question, and intended to be answered by a number of persons (Good, 1984).
Questionnaire
It is less expressive, yields more honest responses, guarantees confidentiality and minimizes biases based on question-phrasing modes
Questionnaire
provides possible answers and respondents just have to select from them.
Structured Questionnaire
does not provide options, and the respondents are free to give whatever answer they want
Unstructured Questionnaire
happens when the subjects misunderstand the meaning of the item, and provide answers based on their interpretation rather than the intent of the researcher.
Ambiguity
have no predetermined answers, and the respondents are allowed to answer freely.
Open-ended Questions
Responses must be recorded verbatim for coding and analysis
Open-ended Questions
have two possible answers –either yes/no, true/false, or agree/disagree
Dichotomous Questions
make respondents provide more than one answers because there are certain questions that necessitate them
Multiple-response Questions
are employed as there are instances in which a number of questions intended to ask have the same set of possible answers
Matrix Questions
showing respondents that are required to choose from a number ofcategories which determine their preferences
Numerical Scale (Matrix)
Numerical Scale
which tries to assess the subject’s agreement/disagreement or approval/disapproval on a five-point scale
Likert Scale
are intended for certain respondents only depending on the provided answers.
Contingency Questions
differs from most other forms of data collection–researcher does not manipulate variables or directly question participants.
Observation
allow for the development of novel hypotheses
Case Studies
cannot directly indicate cause and effect relationships or test hypotheses
Case Studies
the most common of the research methods
Surveys and Interviews
You CAN and MUST combat bias in a number of ways
Power Analysis
Transparency
Incentive
Language
Sampling Methods
A researcher must have a __________ of how to properly frame survey questions in order to gather reliable and relevant information
Strong Understanding
do not test specific relationships between factors
Descriptive Research
“the extent to which 2 or more things differ similarly”
Correlational Research
Only an _________ can establish cause and effect.
Experiment
are generally the most precise studies and have the most conclusive power.
Experimental Research
is CRUCIAL to experimentation
Sampling
A _____________ has features that control random variables to make sure that the effect measured is caused by the independent variable being manipulated.
well-designed experiment
Surveys and facts finding enquires of different kinds
Descriptive Research
Researcher has no control over the variable; he can only report what has happened or what is happening.
Descriptive Research
Involves in-depth study and evaluation of available information in an attempt to explain complex phenomenon.
Analytical Research
Finding a solution to an immediate problem
Applied/Action Research
Concerned with generalizations and with the formulations of a theory
Basic/Pure/Fundamental Research
Based on measurement of quantity or amount.
Quantitative Research
Phenomena relating to quality or kind.
Qualitative Research
Related to some abstract idea or theory.
Conceptual/Experimental Research
Unscientific Methods of Problem
Tenacity
Intuition
Authority
Cling to certain beliefs despite lack of evidence
Tenacity
Considered to be common sense/self evident; may be found to be false
Intuition
Used as a source of knowledge.
Authority
Cross-Sectional Research, Longitudinal Research
Based on time
Based on Environment
Field Research, Laboratory Research
Case study or in-depth approaches
Clinical/Diagnostic Research
Hypothesis development, rather than hypothesis to be tested.
Exploratory Research
Substantial structure and with specific hypothesis to be tested
Formalized Research
Utilized historical sources to study events of then past
Historical Research
Picking a problem, redesign enquiry, conceptualize
Conclusion Oriented
For the need for a decision maker, researcher cannot embark upon research his own inclination.
Decision Oriented
Is a procedure for selecting simple members from a population
Sampling
Which all of the members of the population are given an equal chance of being selected.
Probability Sampling
It is an unbiased way of selecting a respondent.
Simple Random Sampling
the population is divided into different strata and the sampling follows
Stratified Sampling
this is used in a large scale studies, it is geographically spread out.
Cluster Sampling
selecting every ‘nth’ element of the population after determining the size, the selection of the sample follows
Systematic Sampling
The entire member of the population does not have an equal chance of being selected.
Non Probability Sampling
This is called accidental/incidental sampling.
Convenience Sampling
This is similar to stratified sampling, but the researcher has the desire to limit the population.
Quota Sampling
It involves handpicking of the respondents
Purposive Sampling
Purposive Research is also called_______
Judgmental Sampling
chain sampling or network sampling, _____begins with one or more study participants. It then continues on the basis of referals from those participants.
Snowball Sampling
Main adyenda/ target
Target Population
Small population of the entire target population
Portion
Sample size
