PQ

Question 1

List 4 (or more) stresses on dairy cows on an intensive farm:

Answer 1

When the number of cows exceeds 100, the following problems may arise:

• Excess crowding
• Resting cows being trampled without notice
• Very poor estrus detection
• Long periods spent standing on concrete
• Problems with high rank cows dominating water points and feeding facilities
• Heifers are bullied, especially if they are separated and then reintroduced
• Poor milk management
• Poor noticing of dieases
• Stockmen under greater pressure and in larger teams therefor less satisfaction and attention to detail
• Stress related diseases in cows.
• Large herds need more labour

Question 2

List 4 (or more) stresses related to animals kept in captivity:

Answer 2

Abiotic environmental stressors;

• the presence or absence of critical sensory stimuli
• sound
• light conditions
• odors
• thermal and tactile experience

Confinement-specific stressors:

• Restricted movement
• Reduced retreat space
• Forced proximity to humans

Question 3

List the 5 freedoms

Answer 3

1. Freedom from thirst,hunger and malnutrition
2. Freedom from discomfort
3. freedom from pain, injury and disease
4. freedom to express normal behaviour
5. freedom from fear and distress

Question 4

List 4 (or more) effects of early weaning in piglets

Answer 4

• Early weaning is stressful for the piglets
• Removal from their mother
• Sudden change of diet from milk to solid food
• Sudden change of environment
• Being mixed with piglets from other litters
• Aggression from dominance as a result of mixing

Question 5

List 2 reasons for separation anxiety in dogs

Answer 5

1. This misbehaviour may be due to boredom
2. Fear of abandonment
3. Lack of attention
4. Loneliness

Question 7

Ways to stop sterotypic behaviour of horses

Answer 7

Prevention: is most important by keeping them in pasture, providing as lib hay and social contact.

-A collar could be used. however this causes skin trauma, increased stress level and after it is taken off they spend more time crinb-biting.

Question 8

What condition do pigs sleep in?

Question 9

Evolution and inheritance of genes

Question 10

Classic conditions:

Answer 10

Presentation of neutral stimuli along with an effective stimuluas, resulting in the animal liking the two.

Question 11

Operant conditioning:

Answer 11

-Animal changes its behaviour to stituation based on its association with a stimulus.

Question 12

Operant counter conditioning:

Answer 12

• Underexploited strategy in management of horse behaviour.
• Basically, putting the horse in an unpleasant situation whilst giving it treats which it enjoys so the fear-eliciting stimulus does not scare it. Eventually the horse gets used to it.

Question 13

Conditions of water trough that cows prefer:

Answer 13

-Cattles shouldn’t have to stick their head between bars to reach a water bowl.

Question 14

List 4 (or more) advantages of keeping animals in groups:

Answer 14

1. It has benefits in several ways in the wild
2. less likely to be eaten by predators
3. defence of vulnerable young
4. detecting danger
5. each group member is able to forage more efficiently if scanning for predators is shared
6. sharing the food discovered - finder (hunts) and scroungers (eats what other hunt (bald eagle)
7. effective food detection
8. pack of wolves hunting
9. social learing
10. chicks can learn from the hen and other animals which food items are better.

Question 15

List Tinbergs 4 questions:

Answer 15

1. what is the causation of the behaviour?
   (stimuli that stimulate or elicit the behaviour, like hormones)
2. What is the function of the bahviour?
   (how the behaviour adds to the animals reproductive success)
3. How does the behaviour develop during ontogeny?
   (the way a behaviour is modified by individual experiences)
4. How does the behaviour develop during phylogeny?
   (an evolutionary question)

Question 17

Reasons for drinking dirty water in cows:

Answer 17

Mineral deficiency in phosphorus/sulphur

Question 18

What is ethology?

Answer 18

The science of animal behaviour

Question 19

Horse vision and blind spot:

Question 20

Dog aggression

Question 21

What affects dry mass intake?

Question 22

Behaviour of chickens: (peck order)

Answer 22

To stabilize a peck order;

• Form new hen groups by mixing before start of productions.
• Do not revolve birds around groups
• Provide many feed and water poins and lot of floor area when flock is setteling.
• If mixing 2 groups, put equal numbers of each subgroup.
• Ensure that males have been in a groups before mixing them with hens.
• Putting a male among hen reduce pecking level
• Most of pecking in cadged birds happen during feeding and depends on the feeder space and number of birds in the cage.

Question 23

Appropriate temperature for chicks:

Question 24

3 welfare problems:

Answer 24

Everyman:

• Is the animal living a (reasonably) natural life?
• Is the animal fit and healthy (functioning well)?
• Is the animal happy (feeling well)?

Scientific:

• Is the animal living in an environent consistent with that in which the species has evoloved and to which it has adapted?
• Is the animal able to achieve normal growth and function, good healthy and to susatin fitness in adult life?
• Is the animal experiencing a sense of mental satisfaction or at least freedom from mental distress?

Question 25

Sterotypes in horse:

Answer 25

Locomoter stereotypes:

• Weaving (4%)
• Box walking (2%)

Oral stereotypes:

• Wood chewing (18%)
• Crib-biting (wind sucking) (4%)

May be induced by frustration, attemts to cope and/or CNS dysfunction. It is also an indicator of poor welfare in captive animals. The animals use it as a coping behaviour and it may or may not be detrimental to the animals health.

Question 26

Does the sow check the straw to see if any piglets are there before lying down for fear of crusing them?

Answer 26

Yes

Question 27

what does goats prefer to eat?

Answer 27

Leaves and shoots from trees and bushes

Question 28

Explain nesting behavour:

Answer 28

• 1 or 2 days before parturition, sows seek an islolated site for a nest, away from the herd.
• They want a dry place and protected.
• They starts to gather material for the bedding, sometimes chews the branches, leaves to create the hollowed out nest.
• They nest is finished 2-4 hours before parturition, it takes a lot of effort to build the nest.

Question 29

Mitochondrial DNA of dogs …….

Answer 29

proves ancestry

Question 30

How to prevent cats from scratching furniture:

Answer 30

• Indoor cats will use household items to scratch.
• When raising a kitten, owner can best prevent ot by providing a scratching post, near the kittens sleeping ares and by keeping other potential tragets hidden.
• If the owner has been inable to prevent it, behaviour modification can be used to restrain the cat. Access to scratched furniture should be controlled.
• The cats can also the startled immediatly upon starting to scratch.

Question 31

Caprophagy dogs:

Answer 31

• Dogs are scavengers, so anything is considered food to a dog.
• Coprophagy happens when nutritional or digestive enzymes are deficient in the diet.
• It is a desplacement or compulsive behavious in response to stress, frustration or anxiety.

Question 32

Factors affecting dry matter intake in dairy cows. What do cows spend most of their time doing?

Answer 32

Ruminating

Question 33

Define polyandry:

Answer 33

Polyandry is defined as the mating of one female woth more than one male while each male mates with only one female.

-Exclusive polyandry (as opposed to polyandry in condert with polygyny) is very rare, occuring in only about 1% of animal populations most being shorebirds like the sandpiper.

Question 34

Phases of sleep:

Answer 34

REM, nREM

Question 35

Where do goats like to lie?

Answer 35

higher ground

Question 36

Circadian rhythm.

Answer 36

Control of circadian rhytms:

• Melatonin promotes sleep, other influencing factors in the daily rhytmn, nutrition, hormone-feedback, social stimuli.
• Many of the hormones (ACTH,cortisol,GH) and body temperature have circadian rhytms (periodicity of apporximately 24h)
• It has an effect on the animals elertness,behaviour and cognitive function.
• Sleeping occurs when glucocorticoid levels are low (evening) and ends when highest (morgning).

Question 37

Hierarchy and bonding between horses:

Answer 37

Bonds are demonstrated by reciprocal following, mutual grooming and standing together