PQ Flashcards
List 4 (or more) stresses on dairy cows on an intensive farm:
When the number of cows exceeds 100, the following problems may arise:
- Excess crowding
- Resting cows being trampled without notice
- Very poor estrus detection
- Long periods spent standing on concrete
- Problems with high rank cows dominating water points and feeding facilities
- Heifers are bullied, especially if they are separated and then reintroduced
- Poor milk management
- Poor noticing of dieases
- Stockmen under greater pressure and in larger teams therefor less satisfaction and attention to detail
- Stress related diseases in cows.
- Large herds need more labour
List 4 (or more) stresses related to animals kept in captivity:
Abiotic environmental stressors;
- the presence or absence of critical sensory stimuli
- sound
- light conditions
- odors
- thermal and tactile experience
Confinement-specific stressors:
- Restricted movement
- Reduced retreat space
- Forced proximity to humans
List the 5 freedoms
- Freedom from thirst,hunger and malnutrition
- Freedom from discomfort
- freedom from pain, injury and disease
- freedom to express normal behaviour
- freedom from fear and distress
List 4 (or more) effects of early weaning in piglets
- Early weaning is stressful for the piglets
- Removal from their mother
- Sudden change of diet from milk to solid food
- Sudden change of environment
- Being mixed with piglets from other litters
- Aggression from dominance as a result of mixing
List 2 reasons for separation anxiety in dogs
- This misbehaviour may be due to boredom
- Fear of abandonment
- Lack of attention
- Loneliness
Ways to stop sterotypic behaviour of horses
Prevention: is most important by keeping them in pasture, providing as lib hay and social contact.
-A collar could be used. however this causes skin trauma, increased stress level and after it is taken off they spend more time crinb-biting.
What condition do pigs sleep in?
Evolution and inheritance of genes
Classic conditions:
Presentation of neutral stimuli along with an effective stimuluas, resulting in the animal liking the two.
Operant conditioning:
-Animal changes its behaviour to stituation based on its association with a stimulus.
Operant counter conditioning:
- Underexploited strategy in management of horse behaviour.
- Basically, putting the horse in an unpleasant situation whilst giving it treats which it enjoys so the fear-eliciting stimulus does not scare it. Eventually the horse gets used to it.
Conditions of water trough that cows prefer:
-Cattles shouldn’t have to stick their head between bars to reach a water bowl.
List 4 (or more) advantages of keeping animals in groups:
- It has benefits in several ways in the wild
- less likely to be eaten by predators
- defence of vulnerable young
- detecting danger
- each group member is able to forage more efficiently if scanning for predators is shared
- sharing the food discovered - finder (hunts) and scroungers (eats what other hunt (bald eagle)
- effective food detection
- pack of wolves hunting
- social learing
- chicks can learn from the hen and other animals which food items are better.
List Tinbergs 4 questions:
- what is the causation of the behaviour?
(stimuli that stimulate or elicit the behaviour, like hormones) - What is the function of the bahviour?
(how the behaviour adds to the animals reproductive success) - How does the behaviour develop during ontogeny?
(the way a behaviour is modified by individual experiences) - How does the behaviour develop during phylogeny?
(an evolutionary question)
Reasons for drinking dirty water in cows:
Mineral deficiency in phosphorus/sulphur
What is ethology?
The science of animal behaviour
Horse vision and blind spot:
Dog aggression
What affects dry mass intake?
Behaviour of chickens: (peck order)
To stabilize a peck order;
- Form new hen groups by mixing before start of productions.
- Do not revolve birds around groups
- Provide many feed and water poins and lot of floor area when flock is setteling.
- If mixing 2 groups, put equal numbers of each subgroup.
- Ensure that males have been in a groups before mixing them with hens.
- Putting a male among hen reduce pecking level
- Most of pecking in cadged birds happen during feeding and depends on the feeder space and number of birds in the cage.
Appropriate temperature for chicks:
3 welfare problems:
Everyman:
- Is the animal living a (reasonably) natural life?
- Is the animal fit and healthy (functioning well)?
- Is the animal happy (feeling well)?
Scientific:
- Is the animal living in an environent consistent with that in which the species has evoloved and to which it has adapted?
- Is the animal able to achieve normal growth and function, good healthy and to susatin fitness in adult life?
- Is the animal experiencing a sense of mental satisfaction or at least freedom from mental distress?
Sterotypes in horse:
Locomoter stereotypes:
- Weaving (4%)
- Box walking (2%)
Oral stereotypes:
- Wood chewing (18%)
- Crib-biting (wind sucking) (4%)
May be induced by frustration, attemts to cope and/or CNS dysfunction. It is also an indicator of poor welfare in captive animals. The animals use it as a coping behaviour and it may or may not be detrimental to the animals health.
Does the sow check the straw to see if any piglets are there before lying down for fear of crusing them?
Yes
what does goats prefer to eat?
Leaves and shoots from trees and bushes
Explain nesting behavour:
- 1 or 2 days before parturition, sows seek an islolated site for a nest, away from the herd.
- They want a dry place and protected.
- They starts to gather material for the bedding, sometimes chews the branches, leaves to create the hollowed out nest.
- They nest is finished 2-4 hours before parturition, it takes a lot of effort to build the nest.
Mitochondrial DNA of dogs …….
proves ancestry
How to prevent cats from scratching furniture:
- Indoor cats will use household items to scratch.
- When raising a kitten, owner can best prevent ot by providing a scratching post, near the kittens sleeping ares and by keeping other potential tragets hidden.
- If the owner has been inable to prevent it, behaviour modification can be used to restrain the cat. Access to scratched furniture should be controlled.
- The cats can also the startled immediatly upon starting to scratch.
Caprophagy dogs:
- Dogs are scavengers, so anything is considered food to a dog.
- Coprophagy happens when nutritional or digestive enzymes are deficient in the diet.
- It is a desplacement or compulsive behavious in response to stress, frustration or anxiety.
Factors affecting dry matter intake in dairy cows. What do cows spend most of their time doing?
Ruminating
Define polyandry:
Polyandry is defined as the mating of one female woth more than one male while each male mates with only one female.
-Exclusive polyandry (as opposed to polyandry in condert with polygyny) is very rare, occuring in only about 1% of animal populations most being shorebirds like the sandpiper.
Phases of sleep:
REM, nREM
Where do goats like to lie?
higher ground
Circadian rhythm.
Control of circadian rhytms:
- Melatonin promotes sleep, other influencing factors in the daily rhytmn, nutrition, hormone-feedback, social stimuli.
- Many of the hormones (ACTH,cortisol,GH) and body temperature have circadian rhytms (periodicity of apporximately 24h)
- It has an effect on the animals elertness,behaviour and cognitive function.
- Sleeping occurs when glucocorticoid levels are low (evening) and ends when highest (morgning).
Hierarchy and bonding between horses:
Bonds are demonstrated by reciprocal following, mutual grooming and standing together
