PPT NI MA'AM (1) Flashcards
Levels of Biodiversity
1.Genetic Diversity
2.Species Diversity
3.Ecosystem Diversity
-Variability of Genes
-Vital in production of improved varieties of crops, timber trees and domesticated animals
Genetic Diversity
Chemical unis of hereditary information that are passed on from one generation to another
GENES
-Variety of Species within discrete geographical boundary
- total number of species occurring in a particular area.
Species Diversity
-a group of related or similar organisms capable of breeding freely to produce fertile offspring
-basic unit of biological classification
-measure of biological diversity
Species
17 Mega Diversity Countries in the Word
-Australia
-Brazil
-China
-Colombia
-Congo
-Ecuador
-India
-Indonesia
-Madagascar
-Malaysia
-Mexico
-Papua New Guinea
-Peru
-Philippines
-South Africa
-United States
-Venezuela
The Philippines biodiversity is among the world’s richest. The country is also recognized as a _________, harboring a wide variety of wildlife found nowhere else in the world.
- center of endemism
Number: Birds
722 species (64% native, 35% endemic, 1% introduced)
Numbers: Reptiles
354 Species (22% Native, 76% Endemics, 2% Introduced)
Number: Fish
309 Species (64% Native, 29% Endemic, 7% introduced)
Number: Mammals
235 Species (35% Native, 61% endemic, 4% Introduced)
Number: Amphibians
115 Species (84% Endemic, 5% Introduced, 11% Native)
What Factors Influence (the distribution of) Biodiversity?
1.Temperature
2.Latitudinal Gradient
3.Altitude
4.Precipitation
5.Soil Type
6.Geography
7.Biological interactions with other organisms
Four Climatic Classifications of the Regions in the Philippines based on Corona System
-Type 1
-Type 2
-Type 3
-Type 4
Two pronounced season, dry from November to April, wet during the rest of the year
Type 1
No dry season with a very pronounced rainfalls from November to January
Type 2
Seasonal not very pronounced, dry from November to April, and wet during the rest of the year
Type 3
Rainfall more or less evenly distributed throughout the year
Type 4
Indirect Benefits (Nature’s Services)
- Maintenance and stabilization of water functions
-regulation of Climate
-Maintenance of essential life processes
-Soil protection and production
-Recreational, scientific, educational, spiritual, and aesthetic values
_________________ is estimated to be between 8.7 million (11.3 million) species, according to recent studies. However, some estimates still suggest that there could be over 30 million species when considering microorganisms and undiscovered taxa.
Global species diversity
_________________ have been named and scientifically described to date, though this number is continuously increasing as new species are discovered.
Approximately 2 million species
_________________ is currently estimated at around 66,000 species, including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
Global vertebrate species diversity
The Philippines is home to more than _______ of land vertebrates, including mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians, reflecting the country’s status as a megadiverse nation.
1,100 species
-Variety of ecosystems within a geographical boundary
-variety of species within different ecosystems
-variety of ecosystems within a particular area
Ecosystems Diversity
Ecosystems in the Philippines
- Forest
- Freshwater
- Agricultural
- Marginal
- Urban
- Mangrove
- Soft-bottom
- Seagrass
- Coral reef
these diverse Philippine ecosystems include one of the world’s richest areas of biodiversity-__________
…and the most extensive ___________ in the East Asian Seas
-the tropical rainforest
- coral reef area
the coral reefs in the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia have been called the_______________
CORAL TRIANGLE (the world’s richest in marine diversity)
How many Mega-diverse country are there?
17 Mega-diverse countries
Although relatively small among the 17 megadiverse countries, the Philippines has the __________________ per unit area in the world.
greatest concentration of unique species
Why is Philippines considered to be Mega-diverse?
-Because it has more than 52, 177 described species (half are endemic) which is about 60-70% of the worlds biodiversity.
The Philippines’s species are among the ________________________.
world’s top 10 in terms of endemism
In terms of terrestrial vertebrates, the Philippines is known to host __________ of which 618 (or 50%) is endemic.
1,238 species
are defined as a region with a very high distribution of endemic species or native species.
Biodiversity Hotspot
Biodiversity Hotspot is also known as _______
biological hotspot
_________ are those individual species that are found only in a restricted geographical zone with defined (specific) ecological factors.
Endemic Species
A very abundant presence of endemic species in an area could be due to:
*Plentiful resources
*Favorable abiotic conditions
*Availability of specific factors for each species’ growth
main characteristics of endemic species
-Specific Geographical Area
-Higher Vulnerability
-Lower Genetic exchange
- Unique Evolution
They are species whose location is restricted to certain areas of the planet, which have the specific conditions to ensure their survival
Specific geographical area
By relying on very specific natural conditions and having a smaller number of specimens, they are more vulnerable to extinction
Higher vulnerability
Natural barriers existing in specific geographical sees prevent genetic exchange and drive the emergence of endemism and its species.
Lower genetic exchange
Весause of their isolation, these species end up acquiring unique traits derived from, for example, the diet or climate of the geographical areas.
Unique Evolution
Contrary to the common notion, biodiversity is quite_______________ distributed across the Earth.
heterogeneously
There are different temperature zones of Earth, with a higher affinity of biodiversity towards the warmer, more humid zones (_________________) as compared to temperate regions (____________).
-near the Equator with high biodiversity
-low biodiversity
______________ biodiversity is richer than that of any other geographical location on Earth.
Tropical rainforest
Direct benefits (nature’s goods):
→Food
→ Clothing
→ Shelter
→Medicine
→Commercial/industrial uses
→Livelihood
→Agriculture
▸ around 5,000 plant species are used as food worldwide
▸ food derived from animals include meat, eggs, poultry, fish, shellfish, and dairy products
Biodiversity’s contribution to food security
➤ clothing fibers are derived from diverse plant species like cotton, abaca, pineapple and maguey
➤ clothing materials and accessories derived from animals include leather or hide, wool, fur, and silk
Clothing
→ materials for house construction are derived from various plant sources like guijo, yakal, lauan, apitong, narra, almaciga, coconut, molave, rattan, bamboo, nipa, etc.
Shelter
-at least 858 Philippine plant species are used medically
-local communities and indigenous peoples rely heavily on a variety of wild plants and animals for their medicines and health care
Medicine
- plants provide industrial/commercial products such as natural cellulose, rubber, gums, resin, tannin, dyes, waxes, oils, fuelwood, timber, and forage
- animals provide oils, fuel, silk, feathers,
Commercial/industrial uses
➡Natural resource products provide livelihood activities like farming, animal raising, hunting, rattan and bamboo gathering, logging, fishing, shellfish collecting, honey gathering, charcoal making, fuel wood gathering, cogon collecting, medicinal herbs gathering, and orchid gathering
Livelihood
-Wild species of plants and animals are important in the production of plant and animal domesticates
-Wild genetic resources were important in the production of high-yield vegetables like cabbage and cauliflower
-Wild animal species are important in improved livestock production of cattle, pigs and poultry
Agriculture
