ppt Flashcards
toward the TOP
of the brain or the BACK of the spinal cord
DORSAL
toward the BOTTOM
of the brain or the FRONT of the spinal cord
VENTRAL
toward the FRONT
of the brain or the TOP of the spinal cord
ROSTRAL
Towards the BACK of the brain or the BOTTOM of the spinal cord
CAUDAL
composed of highly folded collection of gray matter on the surface of the brain
few millimeters of the cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres
billions of neurons occupy the cortical areas of the brain
cortex
supporting cells specialized neurons
provide structural and metabolic support to the neurons
provide insulation guidance of development of neurons
with only 1type of process
glial cells or neuroglia
located in the PNS
surround the nerve cell bodies of ganglia
satellite cells
located in the central nervous system responsible for phagocytosis to remove waste
microglia
located in the peripheral nervous system responsible for axon myelination in the PNS
Schwann cells
enclosed bundles of the long fibers (axons), that connect the CNS to every other part of the body
Types:
Sensory (Afferent) nerves
Motor (Efferent) nerves
Mixed (both Afferent and Efferent in one) nerves
nerves
Primary vesicle
Prosencephalon (forebrain)
Secondary vesicle
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Neural derivatives
Cerebral hernispheres
Thalarnus, hypothalamus, retina, other structures
Midbrain
Cavity
Laferal ventricles
Third ventricle
prosencephalon
primary vesicle
mesoncephslon
secondary
mesoncephalon
neural derivatives
midbrain
cavity
cerebral aqueduct
primary vesicle
rhombencephalon
secondary vesicle
metencephalon
myelencephalon
neural derivatives
pons
cerebellum
medulla
cavity
part of fourth ventricle
part of fourth ventricle, part of central canal
main regions of the brain
cerebrum
brainstem
cerebellum
constitutes the major part of the brain.
occupies the anterior and middle cranial fossae and is directly related to the cranial vault.
• consists of two cerebral hemispheres
human cerebrum
• largest and most de eloped part of the human brain.
• divided into 2 hermisphere
Theres - Left and Right
• the surface of each hemisphere consist of gyri and sulci grouped into cerebral lobe
with 3 layers of cove i called meninges
cerebrum
• composed of Gray and White matter
with cortical and athenvilend (diencephalon (thalamus), basal ganglia) regions
• contains the primary motor and sensory cortices
cerebmrum
cavities spacee within the brain where the CSF circulates
are continous with the subarachnoid space
cerebral ventricles
the brain is divided into 5 lobes
The brain is divided into 5 lobes:
• Frontal-motor movement, motor aspect of speech (Broca’s area), reasoning. emotions, personality, and problem solving
• Parietal-sensory perceptions related to pain, temperature, touch and pressure, orientation and perception, sensory aspect of language (Wernicke’s area)
• Temporal-auditory perceptions, learning, and memory
. Occipital-vision
• Insula-associated with visceral functions including taste
are three connective tissue membrane (coverings) of the
brain and the spinal cord
surround, protect, and suspend the brain and spinal cord
within the cranial cavity and vertebral canal, respectively
envelope different parts of the brain and spinal cord
meninges
layers of meninges
dura mater(pachymeninx)
arachnoid mater
pia mater
in between the arachnoid and pia mater is the subarachnoid space, containing the CSF
thickest and dense
most external of the meninges
dura mater (pachymeninx)
is against the internal surface of the dura mater located between the dura mater and pia mater
arachnoid mater
innermost connective tissue membrane thin, translucent membrane is adherent to the surface of the brain and spinal cord
pia mater
pia mater and arachnoid mater have a similar structure are collectively called
leptomeninges
outermost membrane layer of the brain
•tough, dense, thick connective tissue
• give rise to septa (dural partition) in different areas of the brain.
•2 types Cranial and Spinal dura mater
dura mater
Cranial dura mater consists of two layers, and only one of these is continuous through the foramen magnum
bleeding that occur in this layer
extra/ epi dural hemorrhage
subdural hemorrhage- acute, sub acute, chronic
are small, leshy-looking elevations, usually collected into clusters of variable size, which are present upon the outer surface of the dura mater, in the vicinity of the superior sagittal sinus
arachnoid villi
consist of
outer periosteal layer
inner meningeal layer
cranial dura mater
rich in blood vessels and nerves adherent to the inner surface of the cranium
outer periosteal layer
lined with flat cells
gives rise to several septa (dural partitions) that divide the cranial cavity Into compartments.
in close contact with the arachnold mater
Is continuous with the spinal dura mater through
the foramen magnum.
inner meningeal layer
partitions made up of dura mater found in different areas of the cerebrum
falx cerebri
falx cerebelli
diaphragma sellae
tentorium cerebelli
Largest dural partition
•Strong, crescent shaped dura mater
•Les in the sageital plane, occupies the logitudinal fissure, between the cerebral hemispheres
• Narrow anteriorly and broad posteriorly where It blends with the tentorium cerebelli
•Extends in the midline from the crista galll to the internal occipital protuberance
falx cerebri
completion of development of brain
8 years
