PPS REVISION Flashcards
What is a social construct
the understanding that everyday knowledge is creativity produced by individual and is directed towards practical problems.
Ethnicity is based on two main things ethnic group and ethnic origin what is the difference
a. ) Ethnic group- based on an individual conception of social group membership and personal identify
b. ) Ethnic origin- an allocated definition based on common ancestry or place of origin
what are the 4 guidelines that must in order to include race as a factor in research.
- to define ‘race and ethnicity’ in the context of the requirement of the research study.
- to explain how these categories relate to the research hypothesis
- To describe how participants are assigned to research categories
- To describe the limitations of the study with respect to the populations to which research findings can be generalised (reason why scientists may ignore social construct in their research)
What is meant by the professional duty of candour?
Every healthcare professional must be open and honest with patients when something that goes wrong with their treatment or care causes, or has the potential to cause, harm or distress. apologise to the patient (or, where appropriate, the patient’s advocate, carer or family)
what is needed in order to prove negligence in a civil suit.
In order to prove negligence in a civil suit the plaintiff must prove three things (on the balance of probabilities):
1. The doctor had a duty of care (easy to establish)
- The duty of care was breached (harder to establish)
- a doctor is not guilty of negligence “if he has acted in accordance with a practice accepted as proper by a responsible body of medical men skilled in that particular art”
- a doctor is not guilty of negligence if his actions have a “logical basis” - The breach of the duty of care caused harm (hard to establish)
• Injuries/deaths often caused by number of factors
A night watchman attended A+E with abdominal pain. The doctor on-call refused to see the patient and told the nurse to discharge him. The patient died soon afterwards. It is later discovered that the night watchman had accidentally been poisoned with arsenic. The patient’s wife sued the doctor. Did she win her case?
• Did the doctor have a duty of care? YES!
• Did the doctor breach his duty? YES!
• Did the doctor cause patient’s death? NO
• the patient would have died in any case
So, did the patient’s wife win her case? NO as failure to prove causation!
A young man presents to his GP with a lump in his left testicle. The GP diagnoses a benign lump. 12 months later the patient presents again to his GP and this time a malignancy is diagnosed. The patient is informed that his chances of survival have now been reduced from ~40% to ~20% due to the late diagnosis.
Is there negligence in a case like this?
In similar case the claimant closed his case as even if he was diagnosed things probably wouldn’t have changed. Have to be able to prove that had the defendant not acted negligently they would have been more likely that not to not have suffered the loss.
what is the limitation period when it comes to making claims about medical negligence.
- limitation period: actions for negligence should be brought within three years of claimant discovering damage
- courts have the discretion to extend limitation period
- In case of neonates, period does not start until patient reaches maturity (18)- actions can be brought until child is 21
If you sign a prescription on the advice of another and it goes wrong who is responsible
If you sign a prescription (even on the advice of another) YOU are legally responsible.
Is lack of expertise and lack of experience taken into consideration in legal settings
lack of expertise IS taken into account when determining negligence however doctors do have a duty to refer.
lack of experience is NOT taken into account.
litigation can lead to defensive medicine. what is litigation and what is defensive medicine?
Litigation- the process of taking legal action-
Defensive medicine “the practice of performing tests as a safeguard against possible malpractice liability rather than to ensure the health of patients” - waste of resources
Can existing phycological theories of health behaviour adequately explain harmful health behaviours?
Or
What can psychological theories tell us about why individuals engage in harmful and risky health behaviours?
- The health belief model
based on how much of treat you think something is, the benefits you will get and whether you think you can change or not will depend on whether there is changed behaviour.
A-identifies important barriers to change
D- treat does not predict behaviour change- smoking, drinking, drugs. Leaves out emotion, habit, social norms…
- The theory of planned behaviour
Intention is said to be a result of a process that takes account of:
-attitudes
-Subjective norms
-Perceived behaviour control
and based on your intention you will choose to change your behaviour.
A-intentions predict some behaviour/ highlights social norms
D– Most of the time intentions do not predict behaviour. Past behaviour is often the best predictor of behaviour. Environmental influences. Habits.
- Transtheoretical Model
Stages:
• Pre-contemplation – no change contemplated
• Contemplation – desire to change within 6 months
• Preparation – intend to change in near future
• Action – behaviour is changed
• Maintenance
• Relapse
A- - Broad and has identified many useful processes involved in behaviour change
D- this process does not happen in all changed behaviours. Does not factor in spontaneous change.
- Cognitive dissonance theory
This is a theory that when two beliefs/ thoughts. contradict themselves this causes as negative feeling and so people will attempt to solve this. This is done by either changing your first or second belief/ thought.
e..g. smoking can kill and cause diseases, I smoke. - The COM-B mode (newest)
capability, motivation and opportunity needed for changed behaviour. (remember it as what is needed to prove someone is guilty.
problems with them all:
Most theories implicitly assume a high degree of rationality in human behaviour
new models will need to include concepts of:
identity, impulse, momentary priorities, accidents, spontaneous/chaotic change.
what is the difference between physical activity and exercise?
Physical activity: Any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure e.g. vacuuming, bringing in shopping
Exercise: activity requiring physical effort, carried out to sustain or improve health and fitness e.g running or football
what is the adult and child recommendation for exercise?
Adults should engage in at least __150____mins of moderate intensity activity every week
Or alternatively they should do __75____minutes of vigorous activity across the week.
What about children? How much physical activity should they do? _____60 _____Minutes per day
Name 2 unmodifiable predictors of physical inactivity.
- Being male – stronger sports culture
- Being younger – as responsibilities reduce PA
- Genetics
H. Name 2 modifiable predictors of physical inactivity.
- Higher socio-economic status- safer environment
2. barriers to PA – lack of time, don’t enjoy exercise
I. Which theory of health behaviour includes intention and motivation?
Theory of planned behaviour
describe examples of physical activity interventions
London bus study –
Traced the hearth attack rates of bus drivers and conductors
- The bus drivers sat for most of their shift.
- The conductors climbed about 600 steps each day
- Conductors had half of heart attacks over the bus drivers
Susan mayor 2018- Study finds physical activity reduces the risk of depression at any age
Ratey 2008 – PA improves cognitive ability. In a high school with early morning exercise program there was improved literacy, algebra and reading sores.
