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Danny's Phase 3A Medicine > PPS > Flashcards

PPS Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between Speech and Language?

A

‘Language’ relates to the words we use, and how we put them together to make meaning.

‘Speech’, for an SLT, relates ONLY to the actual production of the words: the sounds we use to say the words

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2
Q

What is the difference between Comprehension and Production?

A

Comprehension means understanding of language. SLTs call this ‘receptive language’

Production relates to the language we produce (in simple terms, ‘talking’). SLTs call this ‘expressive language’

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3
Q

What can go wrong with communication?

A

Speech difficulties

Language difficulties

comprehension

expression

Pragmatics

Voice

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4
Q

what is imprecise/ slurred speech?

A

dysarthria

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5
Q

What is speech sounds in the wrong order?

A

Apraxia

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6
Q

What is dysfluent speech?

A

Stammer (UK) Stutter (US)

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7
Q

What is language impairment?

A

Aphasia

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8
Q

what may dementia cause in terms of speech?

A

Primary progressive aphasia

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9
Q

what are receptive difficulties?

A

Trouble understanding (comprehensive difficulties)

speech is fluent but makes no sense

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10
Q

What are expressive difficulties?

A

Difficulty writing/talking

Word-finding difficulties, may be completely silent

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11
Q

Definition of Health?

A

The state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merel the absence of disease/deformity

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12
Q

What is the Human Rights Act 1998?

A

Forms part of the decision making processes when making decisions about people’s rights

is part of all policy making

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13
Q

HUMAN RIGHTS

What does Article 2 involve?

A

the right to life (limited)

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14
Q

HUMAN RIGHTS

What does Article 3 involve?

A

the right to be free from inhuman and degrading treatment (absolute)

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15
Q

HUMAN RIGHTS

What does Article 8 involve?

A

The right to respect for privacy and family life (qualified)

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16
Q

HUMAN RIGHTS

What does Article 12 involve?

A

The right to marry and found a family

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17
Q

HUMAN RIGHTS

What does Article 14 involve?

A

The enjoyment of the rights and freedoms set forth in this Convention shall be secured without discrimination on any ground such as sex, race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, association with a national minority, property, birth or other status

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18
Q

What are absolute rights?

A

NEVER acceptable to do otherwise

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19
Q

name 3 absolute rights?

art 3,4,7

A

3) Right to protection- from torture, inhuman and degrading treatment and punishment
4) The prohibition - on slavery and enforced labour
7) protection from retrospective criminal penalties

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20
Q

What are limited/ qualified rights?

A

limited under explicit and finite circumstances e.g - right to liberty (art 5)

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21
Q

What is Utilitarianism?

A

Maximising good for the maximum number of people

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22
Q

what is a judicial review?

A

opportunity for an individual to challenge the exercise of power by a public body

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23
Q

What is intuitive decision making?

A

Ability to understand something instantly without conscious reasoning

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24
Q

Name some biases in intuitive thinking

A

Error of over attachment= Confirmation bias (only do tests that confirm provisional diagnosis)

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25
Q

What is Analytical thinking?

A

Not very good at estimating odds or values but very good at measuring and calculating them. This is the basis of evidence based medicine

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26
Q

Disadvantages of Analytical thinking?

A

Slow
Resource intensive
Cognitively demanding- exhausting

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27
Q

What is the Dual process theory?

A

Intuitive thinking with its irresistible combination of heuristics and biases, together with analytical thinking, using evidence based medicine

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28
Q

Red flags for errors?

A

1) Anomalies
2) Broken communication
3) Confusion
4) Missing info
5) Departures from normal practice
6) Stress/ uneasy

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29
Q

What is the Swiss Cheese Model?

A

an organisation’s defences against failure are modelled as a series of barriers, represented as slices of the cheese. The holes in the cheese slices represent individual weaknesses in individual parts of the system, and are continually varying in size and position in all slices.

patients can fall through these ‘holes’ and end up with an Accident or Injury

30
Q

What are Never Events?

A

Serious, largely preventable patient safety incidents that should not occur if the available preventative measures have been implemented. They are intolerable and inexcusable

e.g surgery (wrong site)
wrong meds, suicide

31
Q

What are the 10 basic types of error?

A

1) Sloth
2) Fixation and loss of perspective
3) Communication breakdown
4) Poor team working
5) Playing the odds
6) Bravado (timidity)
7) Ignorance
8) Mis-triage
9) Lack of skill

10 System error

32
Q

Give an example of a sloth error?

A

Not bothering to check accuracy of results, inadequate documentation/ evaluation

33
Q

Give an example of a fixation error?

A

Overlooking warning signs- early unshakable diagnosis

34
Q

Give an example of a Bravado error?

A

Working beyond competencies / without adequate supervision

35
Q

What is mis-triage?

A

Over/under estimating the seriousness of a situation

36
Q

common healthcare errors?

A

Wrong diagnosis

Medication reconciliation

patient identification

Handovers

37
Q

Why is safety compromised so often?

A

. Healthcare is a complex, high risk environment
. Resource intensive
. System, patient and practitioners interaction
. Responsibilities are often shared
. Practitioners often take risks unknowingly

38
Q

how are errors classified in terms of intention?

A

Skill based

Rule based

Knowledge based

39
Q

What is the person approach to errors?

A

Focus on the individual

errors are due to wayward mental processes

anticipation of blame promotes ‘cover up’

retraining, discipline

40
Q

What is the system approach to errors?

A

Adverse events are the product of many casual factors

recognise errors and implement defences

41
Q

name some tools of risk identification

A 
incident reporting
Complaints
Audits
External Accreditation
Active measurement/ compliance
42
Q

What are the 4 domains of the duties of a doctor?

A

1) knowledge, skills and performance (ensure skills are up to date, care of patient first concern, document clearly)

2) Safety and quality
(take prompt action if patient safety, dignity or comfort is compromised)

3) communication, partnership and teamwork (patient centred approach with colleagues)
4) Maintaining trust (honesty, integrity, respect)

Protect and promote health of public

43
Q

How do things go wrong?

A

System errors

human errors

Neglect

poor performance

Misconduct

44
Q

how can errors be classified?

A

Classified based on:

Intention

Action

Outcome

Context

45
Q

Describe human factors

A

Personal factors

teamwork issues

communication

omissions, lapses

46
Q

Describe judgement failure

A

analytical or intuitive

wrong type of info

bias

47
Q

Describe neglect

A

not showing sufficient care

falling below required standard

chain of minor failures

may be multidisciplinary

may lead to harm

48
Q

Describe poor performance

A

repeated mistakes

not learning from mistakes

usually due to poor attitude- reliability, time keeping, scruffiness

49
Q

Describe misconduct

A

deliberate harm

covering up errors

fraud, abuse, theft, false claim of expenses/ sickness

improper relationships with patients/ colleagues

50
Q

describe different types of leadership

A

great man- born leader

trait - cant learn leadership traits- born with it to deal with different situations

behavioural - leadership traits can be learnt to adapt to different conditions

transactional - motivated by punishment/ reward

transformational - inspire people to follow a shared vision - adapt to others

Laissez-Faire - allow nature to take its course and others make their own decisions

51
Q

Best leadership for healthcare?

A

Transformational- place needs of patients. carers, families at centre of all your work and intervene when necesary

Willing to speak up if there is a risks to patient etc- continually improve system and talk to superiors when there is lack of skill, knowledge or resources

52
Q

What are the 4 tests of Medical Negligence?

A

1) Was there a duty of care? usually very clear
2) Was there a breach in the duty of care?
3) Did the patient come to harm?
4) Did the breach cause the harm?

53
Q

What is the Bolam test?

A

Would a group of reasonable doctors do the same?

54
Q

What is the Bolitho test?

A

Would it be reasonable for other doctors to do the same thing as you did?

(simplest defence is guidelines/ policies)

55
Q

What is the Tripartite Model approach to learning?

A
  • Surface (fear of failure, learning by focus on particular tasks)
  • Strategic (desire to be successful, leads to variable understanding)
  • Deep approach (intrinsic interest, personal understanding)- make links across materials
56
Q

What is Kolb’s learning cycle?

A

1) Experience (activist)
2) Review, reflect on experience (reflector)
3) Conclusions from experience (Theorist)
4) What can I do differently next? (Pragmatist)

57
Q

Describe the Theorist type of learner

A

complex situations, questions ideas and offered challenges

58
Q

Describe the Activist type of learner

A

new experiences, extrovert, likes deep end, leader

59
Q

Describe the Pragmatist type of learner

A

Wants feedback, may like to copy

60
Q

Describe the Reflector type of learner

A

watches others, reviews work, analyses and collects data

61
Q

What are the 4 fundamentals of teaching?

A

Who am i teaching?

What am I teaching?

How will I teach it?

How will I know if the students understand?

62
Q

What is Culture?

A

Socially transmitted pattern of shared meanings by which people communicate and develop attitudes

  • Heritage
  • Choice
  • Individual Circumstances
63
Q

What is Ethnocentrism?

A

To evaluate other groups according to values of ones own group, with the conviction that ones group is superior to others

64
Q

What is a Stereotype?

A

Generalisation about the typical characteristics of members of a group

65
Q

What is Prejudice?

A

Attitude towards another person based solely on their membership of a group

66
Q

What is Discrimination?

A

Actual positive or negative actions towards the objects of prejudice

67
Q

Why has rationing increased in healthcare?

A

Shift from acute illness to chronic

Normal physiological events medicalised

Increase in choice and increase in expensive drugs

68
Q

What is the Egalitarian principle?

A

Provide all care that is necessary and appropriate to everyone

69
Q

What is libertarian principle?

A

Each person is responsible for their own health and wellbeing

70
Q

Benefits of Social Media?

A
  • Establishing wider and more diverse networks
  • Engaging public in debates
  • Facilitating public access to health information
  • Improving access to services
71
Q

Risks of Social media?

A
  • Loss of personal privacy
  • breaches of confidentiality
  • Unprofessional online behaviour
  • risks of report to the media/ employers

Danny's Phase 3A Medicine (10 decks)

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