PPR Flashcards
Cognitive Processes
acquiring new knowledge and skills and being able to apply new learning to new situations and draw conclusions from
Constructivism
Learning is knowledge built through experience
Schema
A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
Quantitative Data
Numerical data
Can be analyzed and statistically reported
Criterion-Referenced assessment
An assessment that compares a student’s performance with a preset standard
Feedback
To support students academic growth
Must be balanced, specific and timely
Input device
A device used to enter information into a computer
Microphone, webcam, keyboard, mouse
Output device
allows the user to view or listen to the data a computer processes such as a monitor, printer, headphones, or speakers
Metacognition
Thinking about thinking
thinking about the learning process
Zone of proximal development
Vygotsky’s concept of the difference between what a child can do alone and what a child can do with the help of a teacher (the learning goal)
Qualitative data
Ways of getting information that yields results that can’t easily be measured by or translated into numbers
Behaviorism
describes how rewards and punishments condition student behavior or learning
Fair assessment
Must be valid, free of bias, reliable and clear
Learning styles
the different ways people naturally think and learn
Auditory, tactile/kinesthetic, visual
Modification
Changing the content, material, or delivery of instruction
Change WHAT is being taught
Accommodations
Change how students learn the material
Change HOW it is taught
Scope and Sequence
a tool that helps teachers organize state standards into manageable plans
Scope: the topics to be covered
Sequence: the order in which the topics are to be taught
transfer
the ability to use knowledge or skills in new situations
Intrinsic motivation
motivation comes from within describes an internal reward
Extrinsic motivation
motivation comes from outside factors
Learn to gain something else
Universal screener
used to gather data on all students. The purpose is typically to put students into groups, such as intervention groups
Diagnostic assessment/ Pre-assessment
assessment administered before instruction to determine students’ strengths and weaknesses
Informal assessment
happen throughout instruction
daily scores, journals, observations
formal assessment
can happen both during or after an instructional unit traditional test (can be criterion-referenced or norm-referenced)
Summative assessment
evaluation at the conclusion of a unit
“what did my students learn?”
Horizontal Team
composed of teachers from different content area who are all part of the same grade level
Vertical team
Composed of teachers from different grade levels
Homogeneous
of the same kind
composed of students on similar levels with similar academic achievement
Heterogeneous
Composed of different kinds, diverse
Composed of students working on various levels with varying academic needs
curriculum-based assessment
measures student progress using materials taken directly from the curriculum
Progress monitoring
periodic assessments given to keep track of student growth toward a specific goal or objective
Performance-based assessment
a kind of assessment that requires students to show mastery of specific skills by demonstrating, producing, or performing something
Portfolio
collection of student work to show growth over time
Norm-referenced assessment
Compare students to each other and rank them according to performance
Looks at how students perform against a seet criteria
Formative assessment
Takes place during learning and is used to plan or modify instruction
“what do i teach next?”
Non-interventionist (Behavior theories)
Assumes people are naturally striving to be good and they want to improve.
Interventionist (Behavior theories)
Assumes people need external stimulation to guide behavior
Interactionist (Behavior theories)
Assumes that actions can be explained by analyzing the factors around the child (environment)
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act
A civil rights law prohibiting discrimination against individuals with physical or mental disabilities that limit one or more life activities by federally assisted programs or activities
