PPQ Flashcards
1
Q
Aphacic crescent is visible
A
In case of lens subluxation
2
Q
what is the function of tapetum
A
reflection of light into receptors
3
Q
in case of synechia posterior
A
there’s an adhesion between iris and anterior lens capsule
4
Q
to give subconjuctival injection in an alert horse
A
Topical anaesthesia should be used
5
Q
what is a sub palpebral lavage kit used for?
A
to provide long term frequent topical treatment
6
Q
most significant way of aqueous humor draining
A
Conventional in horses non-conventional (uveoscleral) way that’s why they are less prone to glaucoma
7
Q
which statement is true regarding atropine
A
Effectivity gives information about the severity of uveitis (the longer the dilation of pupils happens the less
serious is the uveitis) (also fun fact browneyes more sensitive to atropine than blue eyes so they stay dilated
longer)
8
Q
the indirect pupil light reflex is present in the right eye(OD), this means?
A
the retina is functional in OS
9
Q
which treatment can be successful in long term management of equine recurrent uveitis in a sighted eye
A
Pars plana vitrectomy
Sub scleral cyclosporine-A implantation
Low dose gentamycin intravitreal injection
10
Q
what king of mydriatics would you use to dilate the pupils at the opthalmic examination
A
0.5-4% tropicamide, wait for 20 minutes, lasts 4-6 hours
Atropine also
11
Q
which is not an acute sign of uveitis
A
Mydriasis (see miosis)
12
Q
what is distant opthalmoscopy
A
examination of the inner eye from an arms distance
13
Q
the rose bengal die stains
A
Necrotic and degenerated conjuctival and corneal epithelium
14
Q
which test is not for the evaluation of the vision
A
PLR is not!
menance reflex/dazzle reflex + cotton test + obstacle are
15
Q
what is the feature of feline retina
A
Cat has a rounded optical nerve disc/head. The vessels from the periphery of the retina.
The retinal vessels are originating from the periphery of the optic nerve head
16
Q
what is not requirement of the examination of the ocular fundus in small animals
A
Examiner in sitting position.
REQUIRED! Darkened examination room, slit lamp biomicroscope, tropicamide induced mydriasis.
17
Q
which test can be used to evaluate the quality of PFT
A
the fluorescein staining test
18
Q
Which answer is not true
A
Production of the aqueous is depends on the thermoconvection!
1) hydrostatic pressure; 2) the oncotic pressure gradient across the ciliary epithelium.
19
Q
Which statement is true regarding atropine
A
effectivity gives information about the severity of uveitis
20
Q
what kind of mydriatics would you use to dilate the pupil at the opthalmic exam
A
1% tropicamide
21
Q
Which answer is correct? the shape of a mid wide pupil is
A
Horizontal eliptic in horses and cattle (herbivores)
22
Q
which nerve block is used most commonly at ocular exam in horse
A
frontal nerve
23
Q
which statement is false regarding the slit lamp biomicroscopy
A
width of the anterior chamber cannot be etimated
24
Q
to give subconjuctival injection in an alert horse
A
topical anaesthesia should be given
25
characteristic of posterior chamber
bounded by the posterior part of iris and the anterior lens capsule
26
what kind of surgical procedure can be used to treat an indolent chronic superficial corneal ulcer in a horse
superficial keratotomy or keratotomy
27
bupthalmus can be a feature of
glaucoma (stretching of sclera)
28
a supraorbital nerve block is recommended for a horse, when
in both cases, so for lacerated wound of the superior eyelid and when placing a subpalpebral drain
29
using direct opthalmoscope
a virtual magnified image of the fundus can not be obtained through pupil of small size
30
what kind of suture can be used to treat a deep stromal corneal abscess in a horse
penetrating or lamellar keratoplasty
31
if a descemetocele is stained by fluorescein
stroma has a stain uptake, but not the descement membrane
32
the purpose of the auriculopalpebral nerve block
to relax the orbicularis oculi muscle
33
administration of corticosteroids is contraindicated when
the cornea has fluoresceine stain uptake
34
the chorioretinal scarring in ERU is a possible consequence of
A previous damage of the photoreceptors and retina pigment epithelium RPH
35
it is characteristic of the fundus that
the light reflective layer is missing in swine
36
which statement is true? about SPL
frequent topical treatment can be performed with a subpalpebral drain
37
retinal detachment can be diagnosed with
with opthalmoscope or US examination
38
ectropion can NOT be
intermittent
39
what is not topical
Subconjunctival, retrobulbar, intravitreal, injection
| IS: dropping, ointment, subpalpebral and nasolacrimal methods
40
fluorescent dye
orange hydrophillic liquid, stains exposed stroma green
41
what is NOT true for the third eyelid
muscular in dog (its muscular in large animals)
42
what NOT microsurgery
Oral surgery
| YES: paediatrics, neuro, heart, eye. Lacrimal, puncta, corneal, conjunctival, intraocular (lens, iris)
43
when to culture/ take bacterial sample
before topic anaesthesia
44
PRA
Progressive retinal atrophy. Retina is atrophies, so less light is absorbed. The rods undergo dysplasia/ dies.
Loss of night vision and vision
Pigmented change in tapetum fundus with attenuation of vasculature and atrophy of optic disc. Middle aged
Labrador. (Retina atrophies, absorbs less light, more light reflected. Atrophied vessels
also
45
equipment's of microsurgery
Instruments, surgeon sitting, magnification, illumination
46
preparation and isolation for general eye surgery
Trimming or shaving, betadine soap, disinfection of fornixes and lid margin betadine 1:10, disinfection of
eyelids and periocular area, isolation of textiles, intraoperative monitoring
47
General interventions in eye surgery
third eyelid flap. Tarsorrhaphy, approach of the third eyelid, lateral canthotomy, placing stay sutures into the eye globe
48
what does parasympatholytics do
Block m sphincter papilla + ciliary muscle> mydriasis and cycloplegia
Atropine, tropicamide, homatropine, cyclopentolate
49
what is mydriasis
Dilation of pupil- sympathetic innervation: M dilator pupillae, gl.
Lacrimalis (sympathomimetics, parasympatholytic)
50
what is miosis
Constriction of pupil
Parasympathetic innervation: M sphincter pupillae, M.ciliaris,gl. Lacrimalis (sympatholytics,
parasympathomimetics)
51
what is not a general intervention in eye surgery
medial canthotomy- lateral canthotomy is correct, medial is not
52
what is John's test
fluorescent stain appear at nares after 1-10 minutes
53
components of uvea
iris, corpus cilliary, choroid
54
purkinje images
presence of the lens, opacity lens
55
connection of retina
2 sites behind the ciliary body (pars plana) and near the optic nerve head
56
what does ciliary body do
Structure in the eye that releases aqueous humour within the eye. Also contain ciliary muscle, which changes
the shape of the lens when your eyes focus (accommodation)
57
what nerve blocks for subpalpebral drainage
supraorbital and frontal nerve block
58
why subpalpebral drainage
continuous eye drops in horse, tarsorrhaphy
59
how long can drain stay
3-4 weeks
60
nasolacrimal drainage
only when you cant use subpalpebral
61
3rd eyelid flap
protection and healing. only small animals. stay for 2 weeks
62
what is tarsorrhaphy
suturing eyelids together
63
what is lateral canthotomy
Cutting the lateral canthus (decompression technique in case of IOP)
NEVER MEDIAL CANTHOTOMY
Proptosis (protrusion of the globe with respect to the orbit), ocular trauma, IOP
Contradiction: Globe rupture
64
stay suture of the globe
into sclera, not penetrating, support for surgery, 3 and 9 o'clock
65
neuromuscular blocks used
Atracurium/ pancuronium 0.2mg/kg, paralyze breathing 30 min
66
human opthalmology sutures
10/0 and 11/0 non-abs. atraumatic nylon
67
veterinary opthalmology sutures
6-8/0 monofil/polyfil abs, atraumatic
68
Cannula for injection of air
27G
69
cannula for inj of fluid
30G
70
extraocular tampon
cotton
71
intraocular tampon
Cellulose
72
Visoelastic material
Methylcellulose injected into anterior chamber to replace aq. humor
73
what is the fundus
Visible background of the eye seen through the dilated pupil (The fundus of the eye is the interior surface of
the eye opposite the lens and includes the retina, optic disc, macula, fovea, and posterior pole)
74
when should you not dilate the pupil
glaucoma and lens luxation
75
direct opthalmoscope
lens+light (slit lamp)
76
dipter for fundus
-1 to -3 (vitreous body 5, lens 8-12)
77
dorsal half of the fundus
tapetal fundus
78
who have tapetum fibrosum
herbivores
79
who has tapetum cellulosum
carnivores
80
who has stars of winslow in the fundus
horse
81
what is seen in PRA
Very reflective tapetum, atrophy of vessels, paleoptic nerve head
82
what is collie eye anomaly (CEA)/retinal dysplasia (RD)
scleral ectasia=sclera protrudes into the eye around the area of the optic nerve head
83
how is CEA seen on opthalmoscope
Folds seen as epsilon like stripes
84
which part of fundus is pigmented
none-tapetal fundus
85
reasons for retinal haemorrhage
cat with hypertension, ethylene glycol toxicosis, ehrlichiosis
86
retinal detachement
seperation of inner layer of retina from choroid- holes inretina
87
iris tumours
melanoma
88
solution
pH 3.5-10, sterile, pH and T stable
89
suspensions
Drug in small particles- tear dissolve it, longer contact time
90
ointment
pH + T not important, disadvantage: inhibit corneal wound healing
cannot be used intraocularly
91
absorption after topical administration
most washed out, conjuctival capillaries absorbed, or penetrate cornea. lipid soluble best (transcellular) (water solution- intracellular absorption)
92
subconjuctival injection
mostly corticosteroid, max 1ml in dorsal palpebra
93
retrobulbar injection
lower lateral quadrant into retrobulbar space, anaesthetic for eye removal in cow, AB in small animals
94
intravitreal injection
at lat canthus, 2-3 mm from limbus, gentamycin inj in glaucoma
95
systemic inj
only if inflamed! AB, hyperosmotic most common
96
what do you immediately do with a horse with pink eyes
fluorescein test
97
tear test
done without anaesthesia
98
what do you do with a melting ulcer
pedicle conjuctival graft transposition, free island conjuctival graft transposition, cornea translpantation, tissue glue
99
descemetocele
requires surgical intervention
100
what is ankyloblerpharon
union, more or less extensive, of the edges of the eyelids
101
how to treat blepharospasm in horse
auriculopalpebral block
102
indication for virectomy in horse
recurrent uveitis
103
atropine uses
dilate pupil. diagnose severity of uveitis in horse (and treatment of equine recurrent uveitis), analgesia of ciliary body (cycloplegic), pre and post op mydriatic
104
when is glucocorticoid treatment contraindicated
if flourescein stains the cornea (=cornea ulcer)
105
what is blepharitis
inflammation of the eyelids
106
glands of the eyelids
zeiss, moll and tarsal gl.
107
what is chemosis
edematous swelling of conjuctiva
108
borders of anterior eye chamber
iris, pupil and cornea
109
which animals have cilia on the lower eyelid
dog
110
animals with absence of lower cilia
cat horse cow
111
multiple layers of upper lid
Dogs
112
most important outflow (drain) of aqueous in
horse- uveoscleral route
113
ectropion
outward turning of eyelids (with imperfect elevation of eyelid)
114
CS of uveitis
miosis, blepharospasm, photophobia, epiphora (overflow of tears on face)
115
extirpation
removal of globe and orbital stuff enucleation. removal of globe only
116
trichiasis
cilia arising from normal located follicles but are pointed in abnormal position
117
districhasis
additional cilia arising from abnormally located follicle on or near tarsal gland
118
what is done to diagnose descemetocele
Fluorescein? Slit lamp exam to see depth? Fluorescein won't stain the descemet
membrane
119
acute glaucoma: describe changes
Pain, conjunctival hyperemia, episcleral congestion, corneal edema, fixates wide pupil (no reaction to light),
IOP > 25mm, dislocation of lens, shallow anterior chamber, vision disturbances
120
chronic glaucoma
Vision disturbance, episcleral congestion, corneal edema, vascularization, pigmentation, descemet's streaks,
fixated wide pupil, no reaction to light, iris and optic disc atrophy, iop incr or normal,
buphthalmos(enlargement of eyeball)
121
prolapsed eye of cat best treatment
Best doesn’t say. Very few keep vision, so I would say evisceration or enucleation but which of these?
122
what to not do in melting ulcer
superficial keratectomy
123
indication for pars plana vitrectomy eq
recurrent uveitis
124
what is the job of the uvea
prevent leakage of proteins to the eye. valscular part of bulbus
125
job of iris
regulate amount of light
126
job of corpus ciliaris
produce aqueous humor and accomadation
127
what is corpora nigra
aid in control of light entering through constricted pupil, only herbivores
128
how many layers in choroidea
4
129
which spp does choroidea supply entireretina
horse
130
where is tapetum lucidium
between retina and choroid, pig has none
131
most common tumour in uvea
melanoma in the iris dogs and cats. also malignant lymphoma and adenocarcinoma of mammary gland.
132
what is corectopia
abnormal location of pupil
133
anterior uveitis
iritis, cyclitis
134
posterior uveitis
chloroiditis
135
most common reason for uveitis in small animals
idiopathic and autoimmune
136
signs of acute uveitis
decreased IOP, miosis, cornea edema
137
anterior synechiae
iris adhere to cornea
138
posterior synechiae
iris adhere to lens
139
IOP in chronic uveitis
up or down (eye atrophy)
140
horse corneal ulcer pathogen
strep., staph., pseudomonas aerog., fungi: aspergillus, fusarium
141
CS melting ulcer
pain and uveitis, corneal edema, hypopyon
142
surgery for eq corneal ulcer
grid keratotomy, debridement keratotomy, pedicle conj. Flap
143
corneal stromal abscess with fluorescein
negative
144
surgery for stromal abscess
cornea transplant- keratoplasty
145
long term consequence of eq uveitis
cataract, lens luxation, blindness
146
cause of eq uveitis
leptospira 80%, riboflavin def., hereditary, autoimmune
147
consequence of eq uveitis
proteins and fibrocytes in aqueous humor and virteous body
148
CS of acute eq uveitis
enophthalmos, epiphora, ciliary injection into cornea, hypopyon, opacity
149
CS of eq chronic uveitis
Permanent corneal opacity, cataract, sec. glaucoma, choroiditis, bulb atrophy
150
surgery for eq uveitis
Pars plana vitrectomy in the comfortable period
151
therapy for eq uveitis
local corticosteroids, atropine, cyclosporine, systemic NSAID
152
Glaucoma
Pathological condition with increased IOP
153
how does aqueous drain
Schlemm's canal in iridocorneal angle and uveoscleral route
154
Physiological IOP
15-25 Hgmm
155
what is gonioscopy
Special lense and optical instrument to examine anterior chamber and determine ocular motility and rotation
156
consequence of increased IOP
Destroy all ocular structures
157
what is goniodysgenesis
development of the iridocorneal angle- familial in C. spaniel, basset hound
158
hereditary open angle glaucoma
beagle and poodle, secondary: obstructive angle- uveitis
159
secondary closed glaucoma
pupillary block or without puppilary block
160
CS acute glaucoma
IOP >25 mmHg, opacity, mydriasis, no PLR
161
CS of chronic glaucoma
IOP may be normal, vascularization, pigmentation, descemet's streaks – stripes in cornea, iris and optic disc
atrophies, buphthalmos, blindness
162
Therapy of glaucoma
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, B-blocker, miotics, hyperosmotics, PG?
163
intraocular surgery of glaucoma
Cyclodialysis, intracapsular lens extraction
164
What does cyclodestructive surgery mean
Decrease aqueous production
165
How to do cyclophotocoagulation
Transscleral laser- destroy ciliary production
166
what is TSCP
transscleral laser cyclophotocoagulation at 35 sites 3 mm behind limbus
167
what is intraocular surgery
improve drainage
168
regeneration of anterior epithelium of lens
limited
169
function of anterior epithelium
transport of glucose from aqueous, produce lens cells
170
what is hordeolum
inflammation of sebacceous gl of eyelids. microabscesses- staph, aureus
171
what is hordeolum externum
purulent infl of lash follicle and zeis gl
172
what is hordeolum internum
purulent inflam of lash follicle and meibomoan (tarsal) gland
173
what is chalazion
cyst of taral gl
174
what breed is ectopion normal
basset hound, bloodhound
175
acquired ectropion
trauma, cicatrix, fibrosis and contraction or periocular surgery
176
what is intermittent ectropion
ectropion only at night, normal in the morning, large hunting dogs. surgery is CONTRAINDICATTED
177
Surgery of ectropion
removal of triangle in lat part of eyelid, modified kuhnt-szymanowski
178
what to evaluate in traumatic eyelid injury
condition of globe and lacrimal puncta
179
site of immine mediated disease
pemphigus? mucocutaneous junction
180
is eyeball ever affected
no just lid
181
what is important when applying clotrimazole (fungicide) and amitraz(antiparasitic)
no corneal drug contact
182
lab test for blepharitis
cotton swab skin scrapping, biopsy
183
most common eyelid tumours
Adenoma/sarcoma/melanoma/papilloma.
| Horse: sarcoid
184
How much of the eyelid can be remived
1/4th with V shaped incision
185
what is conjuctiva
well vascularized mucous membrane
186
which glands produce ptf
Lacrimal gl, gl of 3rd eyelid, tarsal gl, goblet cells in conjunctiva
187
layers of conjuctiva
PFT, epithelium, substantia propria- imm processes
188
ciliary vessels (uveitis)
dark red, vessels at limbus, adrenaline has no effect
189
conjuctival vessels
bright red, vessels in fornix, adrenaline has good effect
190
what is conjuctival dermoid
skin tissue in conjuctiva, inherited in herefords
191
why conjuctival cyst
obstruction of duct of conj.gl., ectopic glandular tissue
192
what is symblepharon
adhesion of conjuctiva on itself or on cornea
193
why symblepharon
Young cats with viral conjunctivitis – FEHV (herpes)
194
AB for conjuctivits
neomycin and gentamycin
195
conjuctival tumours in cattle
squamous cell carcinoma, hemangiosarcoma
196
conjuctival tumour in dog
Papilloma virus, sq. cell carcinoma
197
what determines pos of 3rd eyelid
sympathetic tone
198
what is the T-shaped cartilage
Cartilaginous skeleton at base of 3rd eyelid gland
199
what does the 3rd eyelid do
Prod 30-50% of PTF, and in dog: 1/3 of tear production (do not excise gland of nictitans –
big failure)
200
what is harder's gland, and who have it
deep portion of 3rd eyelid gland in pigs and rodents
201
tear production
gland of 3rd eyelid, tear gl. and accessory tear gland
202
what is cherry eye syndrome
protrusion of 3rd eyelid gland, mostly dogs, bulldogs
203
treatment of cherry eye
surgery, replace gland- morgan's technique, dont cut off
204
Protrusion of T shaped cartilage
Horse + dog, developmental problem, rare in LA, no sec. inflammations, no discharge/hyperemia
205
what is consequence of myositis
Eosinophilia, 3rd eyelid prolapse + eno/exophthalmos
206
what does tetanus cause
bilateral eversion of 3rd eyelid
207
layers of cornea
PTF, epith., stroma, descemet's membrane, endoth
208
which part of cornea has elastin collagen
fibres- descemet's membrane
209
how are collagen fibres arranged
parallel layers
210
where do fluid accumulate in case of corneal edema
in stroma
211
reasons for corneal edema
glaucoma, inflammation, endothelial dystrophy
212
where does vascularization (pathological healing) come from
deep-ciliary, superficial conjuctiva
213
3rd eyelid- which is false
Well-muscled in large animal and small animal / covered both sides by conjunctiva /position supported by the
globe/In the medial canthus of the eye/position is determined by sympathetic tone/Prod PTF/Protection of
the Cornea
214
third eyelid
it is: in medial canthus, position determined by sympathy tone, both surfaces are covered by conjunctiva,
follicles, muscle well developed in large animals , retinaculum fixes gl.+3rd eyelid to periorbita
215
Parasympatholytic effect on the eye
Mydriasis and Cycloplegia-Inhibit parasympathomimetic and cause (inhibition of m sphincter pupillae and
ciliary muscle
216
Schirmer tear test 1
done without anaesthesia
217
grid keratotomy
only in non- melting ulcers (sm animals)
218
what to do with descenetocele
Emergency intervention, Eliminate the cause, NO MEDICAL THERAPY - Surgery – Free Island Graft in small
animals, Pedicle Graft Large animals (Both in Conjunctiva) and direct suture the cornea(2x horizontal mattress)
Also 3rd eyelid flap in small animals & Tarsorrhaphy in large animals.
DESCEMETOCELE- Fluorescein – and hydrophobic and does not stain – ELASTIC
FIBERS OF THE CORNEA.
219
Ankyloblepharon
lid margin partially or total closure
220
indication for vitrectomy in horses
ERU- Equine reccurrent uveities-calm period as tx of chronic phase
221
atropine
not for dx, but for tx
222
shape of pupil
round in dog, perpendicular rhomboid in cat, horizontal elliptic in eq, bo, su
223
most important drainage of aqueous in horses
uveoscleral
224
entropion
Inversion of all parts of the eyelid margin-mainly the lower lid (dog) upper in (Sheep)-Most frequent inherited
eyelid defect in these animals- Surgery ( Hotz Celsus/Pinching Technique) It may resolve spontaneously wait
to mature to 8 months of age.
225
hordeolum
Inflammation of the sebaceous glands at the base of the eyelid-STYE. H. externum-purulent inflamm of the
lash follicle & associated with Zeis Gland, H. Internum- Purulent inflammation of the lash follicle associated
with the Tarsal/ Meibomian gld. Caused by bacteria StaphAureus.
226
CS of acute uveitis
miosis: swollen & injected iris, pain, photophobia, corneal edema, dec IOP- WHAT IS NOT A SIGN OF ACUTE
UVEITIS=MYDRIASIS!!!
227
CS of chronic uveitis
Anterior synechiae- Iris adhered to cornea, Posterior synechiae-iris adheres to the lens. Dec IOP=Eye atrophy,
Inc IOP=Glaucoma
228
normal pressure of anterior chamber
HORSE: 25 +/- 7 mmHg , SM Animal: 15-25 mmHg
229
what does not affect the aqueous production
Blood pressure / inflammation / thermal convection / diurnal changes / drugs
230
what is not true about phacoemulsification
ECE
231
What can lead to glaucoma (or which can not)
Anterior synechiae/posterior synechiae/ anterior lens luxation/posterior lens luxation/more option
232
cataract surgery- which one has post lens capasule left intact
ECE extracapsular
233
feature of canine retina
retina vessels are originated from the centre of the optic nerve head
234
treatment of ectropion
khunt szymanovsky
235
not true
The tapetum is located between the chorioid and the retinal pigment epithelium on the ventral half of the fundus
IT IS LOCATED IN THE DORSAL HALF
236
Ectopic cilium
an abnormal cilium from an abnormally situated follicle
237
the wide field of view and small 4-5x magnification is feature of the
indirect opthalmoscope
238
with direct opthalmoscope
We can observe an erected magnified image of the fundus
| Designed for the examination of the anterior segment of the eye/ examination of the cornea
239
iris bombe
iris protrudes towards cornea due to synechia posterior
240
what is kerectasia
formation of granulation tisssure in the cornea due to chronic irritation
241
advantage of acellular matrix patch in corneal surgery
can produce a better transparency of the cornea after healing
242
what statement is not true for about anterior lens luxation
Optic nerve atrophy/ glaucoma/ corneal oedema/ uveitis
