PPP Terms Flashcards
barrier-free
A term applied to spaces, buildings, and facilities, that are fully accessible to anyone including those who are physically handicapped.
A lien release
A lien release relieves an owner of a lien placed on a property due to outstanding payment of labor and materials.
A conditional use permit
Is issued in the interest of public welfare.
Grid arrangement
A grid pattern is also easily modified and is based on two sets of parallel circulation paths that intersect at regular intervals.
Radical arrangement
Radical pattern are comprised of two or more circulation paths that extend from a central node or focal point.
Cluster arrangement
Cluster refers to spaces loosely grouped around a central element.
Central arrangement
Central plans are typically more formal than clusters and focus secondary elements toward a single primary space.
Axial arrangement
Axial plans have two or more major circulation paths that intersect.
Warranty Deed
A guarantee that the property title will be transferred to a buyer free of liens, claims or other debts
Off-street Requirements
Parking spaces within property lines as required by a city ordinance and often expressed as parking spaces per dwelling unit or per commercial space
Apartment
A residential building in which the tenants typically rent their unit from the owner of the building
Cooperative
A collective ownership. The owner is a tenant in a building owned by an organization of which he is a shareholder. The entire project is owned by a single entity.
Homes Association
This is the org created to manage shared facilities in a detached or attached housing development. Membership is guaranteed by ownership in the development and this organization acts as the governing body.
Condominium
A residential building or housing complex in which the common elements, the land, are owned by a single corporation. The dwelling units however are individually owned.
Nonconforming Use
A special zoning exemption for a parcel of land which due to changes in the current zoning ordinance, no longer complies. A building on the parcel may remain in use if it is shown that the use of the property conformed with the prior zoning ordinance.
Coordinates
Measurements from a fixed vertical or horizontal line used to locate a point.
Flat Plate Collector
A device that collects solar energy for use as an energy source.
Inflation factor
It is based on the current cost of construction and various inflation rate estimates gauge what the cost of construction will be at the midpoint of construction.
Overhead
The general costs of operating a business that cannot be directly assigned to a project. Rent, drafting supplies, taxes, etc. Salaries and benefits qualify only if the employee or principal is not doing project related work.
Territoriality
This complex form of nonverbal communication refers to feelings of ownership and the defense of personal belongings, individual and communal property, boundaries, etc.
Occupancy Classifcation
A designation based upon the ser-group for which a building or portion of a building is intended.
Programming
During this phase no design solution is implied. This ensures that the analysis remains unbiased and objective. It is the process of problem identification and not of problem solving. Design is the process of problem solving
Easement
A legal right for one party to use a portion of another party’s parcel of land for access.
Value engineering
A review process of proposed systems and materials used to explore less expensive options that will achieve a similar result.
Fire Zone
A zoning classification utilized by some jurisdictions to designate geographical areas of high hazard moderate hazard and low hazard.
Plat Map
A land plan. A component of a survey typically furnished by a civil engineer, and drawn to scale, it indicates the bearings and dimensions of property lines.
Metes and Bounds
Indicates the legal boundaries of a specific tract of land and defines the bearings and dimensions of the property lines.
Catchment Area
The catchment area is a specific geographic area in which a user group for a particular activity is located. Census data, surveys, and info provided by local agencies is analyzed and used to assess the viability of a development.
Conditional Use
Granted by a zoning board to achieve a purpose deemed by the board to be in a public interest. A school or hospital located in a residential zoned area may have been granted this.
Variance
Special permission to deviate from the standard zoning regulations.
Zoning
The municipal regulation of building and land use. THis may include height limitations, setbacks, population density control, the ratio of building to open spaces, etc.
Risk Category
This designation determines structural requirements based on the nature of a building’s function. The principal of assigning a category to a buildings and structures is to identify the potential impact of a structural failure in the event of an emergency.
Cumulative Zoning
A multi-use district or zone. Allows for residential use in commercial zones and commerical use in industrial zones.
Incentive Zoning
Allows waivers from specific restrictions for developments which provide certain public amenities.
AIA Best Practices
An evolving and essentially unlimited archive of articles that represent the collective wisdom of AIA members and related professionals.
Construction Partnering
A form of team building; it itself a specific approach to improving general cooperation, communication and the working relationship of key members from each entity involved in a construction project.
Proforma Statement
a means of determining a projects construction budget by listing labor and construction costs.
Bench mark
A reference used to establish the height and location of other points.
Spot elevation
A numerical notation of the exact height of a specific location on a site plan or topographical map. Used to identify key heights such as the base of a wall at the corner of a building.
Baseline
A surveyed line used as a reference to locate property lines, structures, etc.
Pad elevation
The level of subgrade onto which material will be added to reach finish grade. Identified by a note not a contour line.
Datum
A horizontal plane to which ground elevations or water surface elevations are referred. Also called a reference plane.
Yard
An area of a site designated to be unbuilt open space, between each side of a building and the adjacent property line.
Transit
A telescopic instrument usually mounted to a tripod base, used in surveying to measure horizontal and vertical angles, distances, compass directions, and differences.
One Acre
A unit of land measurement equal to 43,560 sq.ft., 4,840 sq.yards 640 of these units is equal to one square mile.
Backfill
Soil that is placed around the exterior of a foundation wall or other excavation and compacted to avoid settlement. It should be free of debris and organic material that might later disintegrate and create void spaces.
Blighted Area
Any area of a community where negative conditions have adversely affected its desirability and it is an economic or aesthetic liability to the surrounding community.
Steppe
A level or rolling treeless plain usually in an area of extreme temperature ranges.
Air Rights
A legal entitlement to use the space above a specified horizontal plane such as a tract of land or existing building.
Liquidation Value
THe likely price that a property would bring when a sale must occur within a limited time such as in a foreclosure.
Principal
The mortgage amount borrowed which must be repaid, not including interest and fees.
Absorption rate
The pace at which inventory or units of a specific property type becomes occupied during a specified period of time in a given market. Can be calculated as gross or net.
Closing Costs
Expenses incurred in the purchase and sale of real property, in addition to the purchase price, paid at the time of sale. Examples include insurance, attorney fees, etc.
Equity
The difference between what a property is worth, over and above the amount of any debt secured by the property.
Leverage
The use of borrowed funds to finance the cost of an investment.
Title
The rights and documentation proving the legal ownership of a property.
Market data approach
A method of determining the value of a property by analyzing recent sales or rental prices of comparable properties.
Market gap
The difference between the demand for space and its availability in a particular locale.
Abutment
A buttressing or supporting structure
Acropolis
In an ancient Greek city, citadel, usually on a high plateau.
Albedo
Reflectivity measured as the relative permeability of a surface to radiant energy flowing in either direction.
Annunciatior
An electromagnetic device that indicates the activation of certain circuits; a device to signal the existence and location of a fire in the building.
Apse
The eastern or altar end of a church usually semicircular in plan
Azulejo
Hey glaze decorative tile with the color blue most prominent.
Baffle
A partial extraction against flow, in a duct or pipe
Baroque
A style of European architecture developed in the late renaissance in reaction to classical horns, containing elaborate curves, scrolls, and ornament.
Base lines
East – West lines from which townships are established on government surveys. They run perpendicular to meridian lines.
Batten
Cleat – Mike member placed across a series of boards to tie them together; also, a narrow strip covering the joint between two vertical boards.
Belvedere
Roofed structure or pavilion located to a command a view
Bench
And excavated level terrace in a slope used to collect running water.
Berm
A bank of earth, often piled up against a wall.
Bituminous
Describing cement, mastic, or roofing material which contains asphalt as a principal ingredient.
Blighted Area
An area, usually urban, that has deteriorated in quality and value, and which functions well below its economic and social potential
Boring
Drilling into the earth to obtain soil samples in order to determine soil bearing capacity.
Brise-Soleil
A Sunbreak, and architectural shading device for blocking unwanted sunrays.
Caisson
In air chamber without a bottom, use an excavation through water or mud.
Campanile
A bell tower
Cant
To sit at a slant from the horizontal or vertical
Carrel
A small room in a library
Cella
The inner enclosed room of an ancient temple
Channelization
The separation of traffic lanes by use of islands for dividers
Clinker
A break has been over burned by being near the fire in the kiln
Cloverleaf
A type of grade – separated interchange used in highway design. Named for its shape
Coniferous
Pertaining to come – bearing trees and shrubs, mostly evergreens, such as pine, Spruce, for, Cedar, etc.
Covenant
A deed restriction that regulates land-use, construction materials, appearance anesthetic qualities of an area.
Craze
To develop a new surface cracks in stucco, concrete or glaze
Culvert
A length of pipe, running under a road or other barrier used to drain or carry water
Dais
A platform raised above floor level
Deciduous
Shedding leaves annually as contrasted with Evergreen
Dry well
A pit, usually filled with course stone into which water is conducted for leaching out into surrounding soil
Eminent domain
The right of the public agency to expropriate private property for public use
Entasis
The slight convexity of a column used to give an impression of vertical strength
Evergreen
Having green leaves throughout the year
Exedra
A semi – circular open area, with or without a roof, providing a continuous seat
Faience
Enameled clay products
Fault
The boundary between adjacent rock plates along which movement may take place during an earthquake.
Fire Brick
Brick composed of clay not containing any fusible material, which can resist high temps
FNMA
Federal national mortgage Association, and agency whose function is to stabilize the housing market by purchasing mortgages or providing mortgage money directly.
Frieze
A horizontal band on a vertical surface, located beneath a cornice, sometimes decorated with relief sculpture.
GNMA
Government national mortgage Association, and agency that functions in the secondary mortgage market.
Granolith
Concrete used for paving, which uses crushed granite as the coarse aggregate.
Greenbelt
A belt – like area around the city, Missouri for Parkland, farms, open space, etc.
Hippodrome
A race course bordered by tiered seating
Impost
The cap of a pier or pilaster that supports the spring of an arch
Ingress
Entrance
Intaglio
A surface decoration formed by a slightly depressed plane of line and patterns
Inversion
A situation, generally the reverse of normal in which cold air is close to the ground in a layer of warm air is above it
Invert Elevation
The elevation of the lowest inside surface of a pipe or sewer
Jalousie
A window or door blind made of movable horizontal sweats
Lanai
A Hawaiian terrace or veranda
Lintel
A structural member placed over an opening and supporting construction above
Macadam
Paving using crushed stone
Mastic
Caulking that remains elastic
Megalith
A stone of great size
Muntin
A wood or metal me,her used to hold the pages within a window
Naos
An inner chamber of classical temple
Narthex
The entrance vestibule of a church
Nave
The main longitudinal portion of a church interior
Pagoda
In far eastern architecture, a tower like structure
Panopticon
A building planned so that a person at the center can observe converging corridors
Parterre
A level and patterned garden
PUD
Pl planned unit development, is zoning designation that allows greater freedom in sight planning, while usually maintaining the same density. Similar to cluster development but larger in scale, including commercial and industrial development, in addition to housing
Rake
A slope or incline as on a roof
Rotary
A device used at an intersection of streets in which all vehicles merge and then diverge at relatively unused.
Stoa
A portico used in Greek architecture, often as a covered shopping way
Viaduct
A bridge across a valley
Vomitorium
An Entrance passage in a large amphitheater
Liquefaction
is a phenomenon in which the strength and stiffness of a soil is reduced by rapid loading.
Strength and stiffness of soil is reduced by earthquake shaking or other rapid loading
Abatement
A reduction in the price of a property due to the discovery of some problem that tends to decrease the propertys value.
Amortization
the payment of a loan over the life of the loan using equal payments at equal intervals. Each payment provides for a portion to be applied to the principal and the remainder to be applied to the interest
Blighted Area
An area of a city that has been determined to contain buildings and infrastructure that are in a state of decay and in need of improvement.
CC&Rs
covenants, conditions, restrictions; which are all the rules that apply to a property owner in a subdivision, condo, or cooperative housing
conveyance
the act of transferring an interest in a property to another person, or the document written to formalize such a transfer
Plat
Is prepared to legally define the layout of a subdivided piece of property.
Bridging
A specific approach to the design guild model of project delivery that allows an owner to secure an early fixed price and take advantage of the contractors knowledge of construction methods and materials and relationships.
Affirmative covenant
Commits a buyer to performing a specific duty in the future
Conditional covenant
States that if the restrictions prescribed in the deed are not followed, the title to the land will revert to the original grantor or their heir
base map
it is used as a background map for site analysis. It shows the sites legal boundaries, contours, roads, buildings, utilities, and other manmade features
general obligation bonds
used to finance the acquisition or construction of specific public facilities and to purchase property that does not collect revenue
revenue bonds/ rate supported bonds
used to finance revenue producing facilities. The bonds are paid back by the revenue from customers using the services that the bond funded (toll bridge)
public enterprise revenue bonds
used to finance facility for revenue producing public enterprises
tax-increment financing
used to purchase land, planning, and public works improvement to encourage private development and it is based on increased taxes due to increased property value.
unit cost system
cost per square foot based on recent experience
building subsystem
enables comparison between different conceptual solutions; SD
component cost system
enables a more precise selection of components and systems; DD
composite unit rates
these rates are for construction components, assemblies, and systems and are required for pre-bid estimates, final cost checks, the contractor’s cost, breakdown and used as a basis for verifying the contractor’s payment requests; CD
parameter method
involves an expanded itemization of construction quantities and assignment of unit costs to these quantities; CD
matrix costing
it is a way of comparing and evaluating alternative construction components; DD
ALTA
American Land Title Association
Non-conforming use
A type of zoning variance where a parcel of land may be given an exception from current zoning ordinances due to improvements made by a prior owner or before the current zoning ordinances made the project non-conforming under local law.
Ordinances
An ordinance is a law enacted by a municipal body, such as a city council or county commission. Ordinances govern matters not already covered by state or federal laws such as zoning, safety and building regulations.
