PPP (Programming, Planning & Practice) Flashcards
What is programming? What is the purpose of programming?
Programming is the process of identification and systematic organization of criteria that guide decision-making in the design of buildings.
The purpose is to identify and understand the NATURE OF THE PROBLEM (design is the solution).
What are the 5 steps of effective programming?
- Establish goals/objectives
- Collect, organize, and analyze/facts (users, site, uses, budget)
- Formulate relationships (schematic diagrams, adjacencies/spatial charts)
- Establish priorities (list of spaces w/ budget)
- State the problem (this is the result of programming)
What are 5 organizational patterns?
- Linear - straight path between 2 elements with spaces flanking this spine
- Axial - variation of linear with extensions developed along secondary paths perpendicular to spine
- Grid - single spaces surrounded by corridors
- Radial - organized by extending from one central core
- Field Pattern (aka Precinctual) - network of paths in any direction
What is the NUMERIC METHOD of space planning?
What is an INDEX?
Numeric method is where facilities are classified in USE CATEGORIES and calculates the amount of space required for each type of use, using the index.
The index is the factor by which to multiply the area (ex: 0.833 = #SF/weekly student-hour)
FUNCTIONAL SQUARE FOOT AREAS are determined by what criteria?
- # people (ex: seats in an auditorium)
- Size of specific objects (ex: cars in a parking lot)
- Established safety standards
- Specific activities (ex: basketball court)
What is NET AREA?
What is GROSS AREA?
Net area is the sum of all usable floor spaces measured to the insides faces of enclosing walls (does not include circulation & service spaces)
Gross area is the sum of all building areas measured to the exterior face of perimeter walls, including interior walls, columns, and shafts.
What is EFFICIENCY?
Efficiency is NET AREA / GROSS AREA (typically 60-80% in most buildings).
- Large open plans with minimal circulation & service spaces are MOST EFFICIENT *
What is PROXEMICS?
What is BEHAVIOR SETTING?
Proxemics is the interrelated observations and theories of humans’ use of space.
Behavior setting is the particular place with definable boundaries in which a standing pattern of behavior occurs at a particular time.
What is TERRITORIALITY?
What is PERSONALIZATION?
Territoriality is the behavioral system in which an individual or group claims an area and defends it (ex: cubicle, personal space)
Personalization is
What is FLEXIBILITY?
What is EXPANSIBILITY?
What is CONVERTIBILITY?
What is VERSATILITY?
Flexibility is _
Expansibility is the capacity of a building to be easily ENLARGED and added on to as needs change or grow.
Convertibility allows an existing building to be changed according to a NEW USE.
Versatility is the ability to use the same space for a VARIETY OF USES in order to maximize use.
What is the typical SF/person for:
- Fixed seating
- Unconcentrated seating
- Standing/waiting
- Fixed seating = 7 SF/person
- Unconcentrated = 15 SF/person
- Standing = 5SF/person
What is a MATRIX CHART?
Matrix chart is a graphic tool that represents the relative relationships of program elements in order to communicate functional requirements and adjacencies.
What is a BUBBLE DIAGRAM?
What is a BLOCK DIAGRAM?
Bubble diagram maps relationships between program prior to space planning.
Block diagram comes from bubble diagram and is the first result of space planning.
What is a POINT?
What is a LINE?
What is a PLANE?
Point is a position, no dimension.
Line has direction and length, no thickness.
Plane has position, length and direction, no thickness.
What is a VOLUME?
What is a SHAPE?
What is SIZE?
What is SCALE?
Volume is a 3D plane (has position, length, direction, and thickness)
Shape is the outline of a form.
Size is a physical dimension.
Scale is a relative measurement of an object using the human body as the measuring device.
What is COLOR?
What is LIGHT?
What is TEXTURE?
Color is a quality of reflected light that articulates form and space.
Light is the radiant energy perceived by the human eye.
Texture is applied to a surface.
What is PROPORTION?
What is RHYTHM?
What is BALANCE?
What is SYMMETRY?
Proportion is the relationship between parts that provide harmonious order.
Rhythm is the regular occurrence of elements in time or space.
Balance is equilibrium.
Symmetry is balance arrangements that provides formality.
What were components of early villages?
Nomads -> Agriculture + Surplus + Traditions + Leadership = Villages
Granary, temple, palace, walls
What were components of Greek cities?
More developed planning, theaters, stadiums, temples, walls, agora (people, news, goods, culture)
What were components of medieval cities?
Church and market at center of cities, intersecting streets, irregular walls
What were components of star-shaped cities?
Defensive, high walls, bastions, centralized with radiating streets
What were characteristics of Renaissance and Baroque urban planning?
Geometries, aesthetics in planning, symmetry, radial boulevards
Renaissance = Plaza Baroque = Boulevard
What was Haussmanization?
Commissioned by Napoleon, planned by Haussman (1853-1870) - demolishing medieval areas of Paris and replacing with boulevards connecting monuments and open squares to increase vistas, hygiene, and light.
How did the Industrial Revolution affect urban planning?
The factory system increased population and density, leading to overcrowding and the first cities. This later led to a reform movement to improve housing conditions, water/sewer quality, and parks/open space.
Garden City vs. Cite Industrielle
Garden City (1898) - Ebenezer Howard - placed civic buildings at center with concentric rings of housing/shops, park, industry, and agriculture. Ex: Letchwork & Welwyn
Citte Industrielle (1917) - Tony Garnier - separate zones for residential, public, industrial, and agricultural - linked by pedestrian/vehicular circulation. ** precursor to modern-day zoning regulations **
What were components of American colonies?
The towns reflected agrarian styles - central commons, single-family houses w/ front and backyards
What was the Ordinance of 1785?
Ordinance of 1785 established a standardized system through which new land could be subdivided and purchased.
What are examples of early American grid-iron plans?
Philadelphia (1682) - possibly the first US grid, consisted of regularly planned spaces and setbacks
Savannah (1733) - grid pattern based on wards of 40 houses
Washington DC - L’Enfant’s plan had diagonal Renaissance boulevards connecting monuments superimposed on the rectilinear grid
What is DEMOGRAPHY?
What is CENSUS?
Demography is the statistical study of human populations.
Census is the systematic record-taking of members in a population (began in 1790, taken every 10 years)
What is POPULATION SIZE?
What is DENSITY?
Population is actual number of people in a given location.
Density is the number of people per unit area.
What is PERSONAL SPACE?
What are the 4 zones of personal space?
Personal space (defined by Edward Hall) is the area around a person they psychologically consider to be ‘theirs.’
- Intimate space - 1’-6” radius
- Personal space - 4’-0”
- Social space - 12’-0”
- Public space - 25’-0”
What is DEFENSIBLE SPACE?
What are 4 key factors of Defensible Space?
Defensible space (defined by Oscar Newman) is the theory that in low-income residential communities, crime is controlled by environmental design and sense of ownership, not force.
- Territoriality - one’s home is sacred
- Natural surveillance - residents’ ability to see what is happening
- Image - design instills sense of security
- Milieu/environment - surrounding amenities
What is a CATCHMENT AREA?
What determines the size/boundaries of catchment areas?
Catchment area is the surrounding base of population within a geographic region (basically the primary market used to determine feasibility).
Boundaries are determined by (1) physical features (2) neighborhoods (3) availability of transportation.
COST OF PROPERTY vs. LAND VALUE
Cost of property = land acquisition + site improvements + building construction + appraisal + permits + financing
Land values are based on the highest and best use = location + potential profit/use + local market conditions + population density + topographic features + proximity to transportation
What are potential land problems (+ solutions)?
- Water within 6’ of land surface (pump out excavation, waterproof basement, continuous drain pump @ foundation)
- Rock at/near surface (explosives, manual labor)
- Soil is clay or silt (remove poor soil, drive piles, or construct deeper foundations)
- Underground streams (AVOID)
- Cut/fill needed
What is ZONING?
When/where did it originate?
Zoning is the uniform standards of construction to protect health, welfare and safety of people. Zoning regulates use of land, light, area, and open space while protecting property values against nuisances.
Originated in NYC in 1916.
What is an EASEMENT?
What are types of easements?
Easement is the right of one party to use a portion of land of another party (should be legally recorded)
- Utility easement - allows utility equip. to be installed
- Access easement - allows owner and public to cross/access
- Support easement - common party walls
- Joint use easement - share common features (ex: driveway)
- Scenic easement - protect views
- Conservation easement - limits land use
- Right-of-way (ROW) - legal right to traverse land (ex: sidewalks and streets)
What is a PROPERTY LINE?
What is a BUILDING LINE?
What is a SETBACK?
Property line is utilized by communities to achieve planned street patterns.
Building lines ensure buildings are not erected in projected streets or potential street widenings.
A setback is required open space measured between property line and face of building. Used to preserve light, air, and spaciousness.
What is a NON-CONFORMING USE?
What is a CONDITIONAL USE?
What is a VARIANCE?
What is SPOT ZONING?
Non-conforming use is when a building is no longer permitted by zoning ordinance but typically allowed to stay (grandfathered in)
Conditional use is when a building is permitted in an area that is not zoned for, to benefit the public (ex: school in residential neighborhood)
Variance is applied for by owner to ask to deviate from an ordinance to avoid hardship
Spot zoning is a change in zoning for a particular area (not just a building)
In Kevin Lynch’s ‘Image of the City,’ what is
IMAGEABILITY?
What are the 5 elements that contribute to a city’s imageability?
Imageability is the quality of a physical environment that gives it a high probability of evoking a strong image in the mind of an observer.
- Paths - arrange space and movement b/w space (ex: streets, sidewalks, trails)
- Edges - real or perceived boundaries (ex: walls, shorelines, roads, overpasses)
- Districts - areas having common characteristics and identities
- Nodes - focal points or intersections (a person can enter a Node)
- Landmarks - readily identifiable objects (ex: signs, buildings, the sun)
What is a NEIGHBORHOOD?
A neighborhood is a number of people living in close proximity and having commons goals/needs.
What are the 6 principles of Clarence Perry’s ‘Neighborhood Theory’ (1929)?
- No major traffic arterials
- Cul-de-sacs, curvilinear streets
- Population = 1 elementary school
- Focal point = center/school
- Approx. 160 acres
- 10% land for recreation
What is a SUPERBLOCK? (+ examples)
A superblock minimizes the impact of cars on housing and allows maximum development of pedestrian circulation and park space by separating automobiles and living space
ex: Radburn NJ, Brasilia, Chandigarh (Le Corbusier)
What is a PUD?
Planned Unit Development is a large parcel of land that has a mix of use (residential, community, recreational, etc). PUD is similar to a superblock in that it tries to recapture the diversity & variety of urban life, and makes efficient use of land by grouping compatible uses.
What is an RPC? (+ examples)
Residential Planning Community permits developers (a) to integrate residential, commercial, and industrial uses, and (b) to divide land into different density areas. This creates village-neighborhood communities.
ex: Reston VA, Columbia MD, Irvine CA (1960s)
Who was Jane Jacobs?
Wrote ‘Death and Life of Great American Cities’ as a critique of urban renewal of 1950s. Faced off against Robert Moses
Cost for land development:
RURAL vs SUBURBAN vs URBAN
Rural - variable cost based on access to existing transportation
Suburban - lowest costs for development, if connected to urban areas
Urban - highest costs for development (due to labor rates)
What is the process for evaluating site conditions?
- Get a site/building survey
- Determine land use (catchment, location, location, cost)
- Determine land value (the use that yields highest return for site)
- Determine soil type
- Determine potential land problems
- Determine foundation type
- Prevent future problems (utilize natural patterns, prevent erosion, design surface water runoff)
What is the average population density required for public transit to be effective?
Approx. 30 people/acre (aka 1 person/1452 SF)
- this density is high for the typical American suburb *
What is the SF of a person?
What is the SF for a person in a crowd?
What is the SF for a person to have easy movement?
Person = 3 SF
Person in a crowd = 7 SF
Person w/ easy movement = 13 SF
What are the 4 types of roads and how do they connect to one another?
- Local Access Streets (stop signs)
- Collector Streets (traffic lights)
- Arterials (on/off ramps)
- Expressways (limited access)
At street intersections, what is a minor radius? What is a a major radius?
Minor radius = 12”
Major radius = 50”
What is the maximum block size?
What is the maximum length for a street ending in a cul-de-sac?
1600’ x 1600’ max block size
Maximum is 400’ and cul-de-sac must have 80’ turnaround
What should be avoided for street intersections?
- Offset intersections
2. Intersections at less than 80 degrees from the main road
When are stoplights required?
At intersections with 750+ cars per hour
What are common street materials?
Minimum street width?
What type of curb is required at minor/major streets?
Concrete, asphalt, granite
Typically 11-12’ wide
4” curb @ minor street, 6” curb @ major street
What is the size of a typical parking space?
Typical clearance b/w cars in a lot?
Minimum aisle width in a parking lot?
9’W x 18-20’D (300-400 SF for space planning)
20” clearance between cars
12’ aisle for 1-way traffic
What are layouts for parking spaces? What are the advantages/disadvantages of each?
- 90-degree parking is the most efficient but difficult to maneuver, can have 2-way traffic
- 60- or 45-degree parking is economical and provides easy access, must have 1-way traffic
- 30-degree is the least efficient
What is the maximum slope of a parking lot/surface (not including ramp)?
What is the maximum slope of a ramp in a parking lot?
Max slope = 5%
Max ramp slope = 15%
How many SF are in 1 acre?
1 acre = 43,560 SF
In the 1780s, how the US Survey divide land into a grid system?
1 Check (24mi x 24mi) =
16 Townships each (6mi x 6mi) =
36 Sections each (1 mi x mi) =
4 Quarter Sections each (1/2 mi x 1/2 mi)
PROGRAMMING STATEMENT vs DESIGN CONCEPT
Programming statement states a problem but does NOT offer a solution/strategy
Design concept implies a definite type of physical solution
What is BOMA?
How does BOMA calculate rentable area?
Building Owners + Managers Association
- Rentable area = share of common restrooms/corridors
- No deductions for columns or projections
- Measure from inside faces of glass @ exterior walls
- Measure to centerline of demising walls
- Measure to inside face of non-demising walls
What is the Fair Housing Act? What are the exceptions?
What can’t a landlord/agent do?
Law that prohibits housing discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, disability, familial status, etc.
Covers most housing except: 4 or fewer units, single-family houses, members-only club
Refuse to rent/sell, refuse to provide info, make housing unavailable, deny a dwelling, change forms (rates, fees), threaten or coerce
What are the National Park Service Standards for Preservation?
- Use property as it was historically intended
- Historical character will be preserved (repair > replace)
- Property is a physical record of time, place, use
- Changes are considered historical
- Distinctive features will be preserved
- Existing conditions of features will be evaluated to determined levels of intervention
- Chemical/physical treatments must be gentle
- Archaeological resources will be preserved in place
What are goals for adaptive re-use/preservation?
- Protection/maintenance/repair > replacement *
- Identify, retain, preserve historic materials/character
- Stabilize deteriorated materials (structural reinforcement, weatherization)
- Protect + maintain features (minimize intervention)
- Repair features (physically and visually compatible)
- Limited replacement (only if prior steps are inadequate) - use surviving prototypes to replace
What is FAR?
Floor Area Ratio is the formula restricting TOTAL FLOOR AREA to a multiple (aka FAR) of the LOT AREA.
What does an INCENTIVE ZONING PLAN contain?
BASE FAR (standard) + BONUS FAR (add’l ratio provided if public space is provided)
