PPP Notes Flashcards
The Greek City:
Living quarters surrounded the archetypes of the _____?
Granary - the place where food was stored
The Temple - the place where ceremonial rites and social interaction took place
The Palace - where the administration of the village was conducted/ trade and good exchange
How were villages in the Greek City secured?
They were walled in or situated for protection
In the Greek City its the marketplace, meeting place, place where news was exchanged and business was conducted
Agora
List two special facilities in the Greek City.
Theater and stadium
The Medieval City was organized ______?
Started at the crossroads of 2 main streets and irregular in layout.
Organized around the church and market (Near the center of the city.)
Why was the star shaped city developed and describe?
Wit the invention of gunpowder, the high wall wasn’t sufficient to protect the city. The star shaped city was developed and had BASTIONS at points around the wall, to protect the entire enclosure.
Describe the Renaissance period.
In Europe from the 14th to the 17th century, started in Italy.
City planning took on greater importance, aesthetically of urban design. (Symmetrical order and radial layout)
Christopher Wren
Known for the rebuilding of London after the great fire of 1666. (Renaissance and Baroque)
Proposed main avenues linking major religious and commercial facilities.
Haussmann’s Plan for Paris
Renaissance and Baroque period.
from 1853 to 1869 a large part of Paris was demolished to implement Haussman’s plan.
The plan improved transportation and the aesthetics of the City.
Advocated straight, arterial blvds. connecting to historic buildings, monuments and open squares.
Camillio Sitte
Austrian architect and planner
Wrote City Planning According to Artistic Principles (1889)
Proposed cities be laid out base on the principles of Medieval towns w/ curved and irregular streets. Providing a variety of views.
Proposed the T-Intersections to reduce traffic conflicts and creating civic spaces around a pinwheel arrangement of streets (turbine square)
Describe the Industrial Revolution.
18th and 19th century, England
Factory system req that work force be close to the factory, source of power and transportation.
As workforce expanded, so did the population of the factory towns.
Overpopulated dirty towns
Rapidly span to the North East US
Sparked the reform movement to alleviate towns of overcrowding and improve sewage and water supply and to create recreational areas.
The Garden City
Ebenezer Howard (1898) Wanted to combine the best of city and country living w/ his town-country idea.
Proposed that 6000 ac tract latd be privately owned by residents.
At the center of the city there would be civic and cultural buildings. Then housing and shops and industrial in the outer rings. Agricultural in the outermost rings.
Which cities/ towns were built off the Garden City movement?
Letchworth (1903) and Welwyn Garden City
Tony Garnier
City Industrielle (1917) Was planned in reaction to the Industiral Revolution.
This planned city was proposed to be built in France and included separate zones for residential, public, industrial and agricultural use.
The buildings would be placed on long, narrow lots w/ open space between.
1st to emphasize the idea of zoning.
Which city was based on a gridiron street system?
Philadelphia (1682)
It had regularly planned open spaces and uniform spacing and setbacks of buildings.
Its grid system became a model for new American Towns.
Which city’s design was based on a ward of 40 house lots bounded by major street grid systems that contained an interior square, two sides that are reserved for public use?
Savannah (1733)
Describe the Ordinance of 1785
It was encouraged by the grid system.
The ordinance established the rectangular survey system of the US
The system divided the country into a grid of 24 mi squares, subdivided into 16 townships, each 6 miles on a side, divided into 36 one mile sections.
Which US city broke the grid system?
Washington DC
Pierre Charles I’Enfant
Washington DC
Design was based on Renaissance and Baroque planning concepts of diagonal and radial streets superimposed on a rectangular grid.
Frederick Law Olmstead
Was a leader in landscape and park design. Central Park w/ Architect Calvert Vaux.
Olmstead also designed Prospect Park in Brooklyn NY, Riverside Park in NY, Audubon Park in New Orleans and the grounds of the US Capitol.
Describe 4 facts of the Colombian Exposition in Chicago
Daniel Burnham and John Root
Landscape by Frederick Law Olmstead
It grouped classical buildings symmetrically around courts, reflecting pools and promenades.
Started City Beautiful movement in the US
Name results of layout the Colombian Exposition in Chicago.
Civic Centers organized by Parks
Classical public buildings
Tree lined parkways and streets
Broadacre City
Frank Lloyd Wright, thought that every home should be on an acre of land.
Which architect thought the city should consist of office and housing towers surrounded by large green spaces?
LeCorb
planners thought this idea would create urban sprawl
The New Town Concept
Began in Great Britain (1940s)
Were to be autonomous centers w/ housing, shopping, businesses surrounded by a greenbelt.
Population 30,000 (then increased to 70k to 250k people)
Cities suffered and were never independent b/c of lack of employment and relying on jobs in nearby larger cities.
Which cities are examples of the New Town Concept?
Reston VA and Columbia Maryland
New Urbanism
(1980s) Andres Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk
The concept was developed to counter issues of city development such as urban sprawl, reliance on the automobile, environmental deterioration, housing segregation, loss of farmland and single-use development.
Seaside, FL
Works at the building, neighborhood, district, and regional levels of new developments as well as urban and suburban infill projects.
Mixed Use
The reuse of historic structures.
The form of the urban environment can be found at what 2 scales?
Large Scale: The City/ Metropolitan Region
Smaller Scale: Community/ Neighborhood
In the 20th century the transportation layouts and geographic features determined the pattern at the larger scale.
Which development pattern is the simplest pattern?
The expanded grid
A city is formed at the conjunction of two roads (Philadelphia)
Growth follows the grid pattern
Which development pattern has no central focus or overall organizational scheme?
The Field Pattern
Development takes place in a series of highways and natural features
Example Los Angeles
Which development pattern has a central urban core w/ other major cores surrounding it?
Satellite Pattern
The central core is linked to highways and the outer cores are connected to a road system (beltway). Houston
Usually a satellite pattern starts out as a star pattern.
This development pattern is the ultimate in urban development, where two or more urban centers grow together as the space between is developed.
Megalopolis
Examples: North East US and Southern California
This term defines the quality of an environment that gives off a strong image in the mind of the observer
Imageability
Ex. the hills of San Francisco
Kevin Lynch
Wrote the Image of the City
5 Elements of the Urban Image:
1 - Path 2 - Edges 3 - Districts 4 - Nodes 5 - Landmarks
Describe “Path” based on the Image of the City
Circulation in which people customarily, potentially will move
Describe “Edges” based on the Image of the City
Linear elements that form boundaries between two districts (ex. Shoreline, line of buildings against a park, a wall)
Can be solid or penetrable, perceived an edge when seen from afar.
Describe “Districts” based on the Image of the City
2D areas that people perceive as having some common, character and they can enter. (Back bay in Boston and Georgetown in Washington D.C)
Describe “Nodes” based on the Image of the City
Centers of interest that people can enter. (ex. the intersection of paths, transportation changes, plaza, squares or centers of districts).
