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1
Q

The Greek City:

Living quarters surrounded the archetypes of the _____?

A

Granary - the place where food was stored
The Temple - the place where ceremonial rites and social interaction took place
The Palace - where the administration of the village was conducted/ trade and good exchange

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2
Q

How were villages in the Greek City secured?

A

They were walled in or situated for protection

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3
Q

In the Greek City its the marketplace, meeting place, place where news was exchanged and business was conducted

A

Agora

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4
Q

List two special facilities in the Greek City.

A

Theater and stadium

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5
Q

The Medieval City was organized ______?

A

Started at the crossroads of 2 main streets and irregular in layout.

Organized around the church and market (Near the center of the city.)

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6
Q

Why was the star shaped city developed and describe?

A

Wit the invention of gunpowder, the high wall wasn’t sufficient to protect the city. The star shaped city was developed and had BASTIONS at points around the wall, to protect the entire enclosure.

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7
Q

Describe the Renaissance period.

A

In Europe from the 14th to the 17th century, started in Italy.
City planning took on greater importance, aesthetically of urban design. (Symmetrical order and radial layout)

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8
Q

Christopher Wren

A

Known for the rebuilding of London after the great fire of 1666. (Renaissance and Baroque)

Proposed main avenues linking major religious and commercial facilities.

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9
Q

Haussmann’s Plan for Paris

A

Renaissance and Baroque period.
from 1853 to 1869 a large part of Paris was demolished to implement Haussman’s plan.

The plan improved transportation and the aesthetics of the City.

Advocated straight, arterial blvds. connecting to historic buildings, monuments and open squares.

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10
Q

Camillio Sitte

A

Austrian architect and planner

Wrote City Planning According to Artistic Principles (1889)

Proposed cities be laid out base on the principles of Medieval towns w/ curved and irregular streets. Providing a variety of views.

Proposed the T-Intersections to reduce traffic conflicts and creating civic spaces around a pinwheel arrangement of streets (turbine square)

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11
Q

Describe the Industrial Revolution.

A

18th and 19th century, England

Factory system req that work force be close to the factory, source of power and transportation.

As workforce expanded, so did the population of the factory towns.

Overpopulated dirty towns

Rapidly span to the North East US

Sparked the reform movement to alleviate towns of overcrowding and improve sewage and water supply and to create recreational areas.

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12
Q

The Garden City

A 
Ebenezer Howard (1898)
Wanted to combine the best of city and country living w/ his town-country idea.

Proposed that 6000 ac tract latd be privately owned by residents.

At the center of the city there would be civic and cultural buildings. Then housing and shops and industrial in the outer rings. Agricultural in the outermost rings.

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13
Q

Which cities/ towns were built off the Garden City movement?

A

Letchworth (1903) and Welwyn Garden City

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14
Q

Tony Garnier

A 
City Industrielle (1917)
Was planned in reaction to the Industiral Revolution.

This planned city was proposed to be built in France and included separate zones for residential, public, industrial and agricultural use.

The buildings would be placed on long, narrow lots w/ open space between.

1st to emphasize the idea of zoning.

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15
Q

Which city was based on a gridiron street system?

A

Philadelphia (1682)

It had regularly planned open spaces and uniform spacing and setbacks of buildings.

Its grid system became a model for new American Towns.

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16
Q

Which city’s design was based on a ward of 40 house lots bounded by major street grid systems that contained an interior square, two sides that are reserved for public use?

A

Savannah (1733)

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17
Q

Describe the Ordinance of 1785

A

It was encouraged by the grid system.

The ordinance established the rectangular survey system of the US

The system divided the country into a grid of 24 mi squares, subdivided into 16 townships, each 6 miles on a side, divided into 36 one mile sections.

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18
Q

Which US city broke the grid system?

A

Washington DC

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19
Q

Pierre Charles I’Enfant

A

Washington DC

Design was based on Renaissance and Baroque planning concepts of diagonal and radial streets superimposed on a rectangular grid.

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20
Q

Frederick Law Olmstead

A

Was a leader in landscape and park design. Central Park w/ Architect Calvert Vaux.

Olmstead also designed Prospect Park in Brooklyn NY, Riverside Park in NY, Audubon Park in New Orleans and the grounds of the US Capitol.

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21
Q

Describe 4 facts of the Colombian Exposition in Chicago

A

Daniel Burnham and John Root

Landscape by Frederick Law Olmstead

It grouped classical buildings symmetrically around courts, reflecting pools and promenades.

Started City Beautiful movement in the US

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22
Q

Name results of layout the Colombian Exposition in Chicago.

A

Civic Centers organized by Parks

Classical public buildings

Tree lined parkways and streets

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23
Q

Broadacre City

A

Frank Lloyd Wright, thought that every home should be on an acre of land.

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24
Q

Which architect thought the city should consist of office and housing towers surrounded by large green spaces?

A

LeCorb

planners thought this idea would create urban sprawl

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25
The New Town Concept
Began in Great Britain (1940s) Were to be autonomous centers w/ housing, shopping, businesses surrounded by a greenbelt. Population 30,000 (then increased to 70k to 250k people) Cities suffered and were never independent b/c of lack of employment and relying on jobs in nearby larger cities.
26
Which cities are examples of the New Town Concept?
Reston VA and Columbia Maryland
27
New Urbanism
(1980s) Andres Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk The concept was developed to counter issues of city development such as urban sprawl, reliance on the automobile, environmental deterioration, housing segregation, loss of farmland and single-use development. Seaside, FL Works at the building, neighborhood, district, and regional levels of new developments as well as urban and suburban infill projects. Mixed Use The reuse of historic structures.
28
The form of the urban environment can be found at what 2 scales?
Large Scale: The City/ Metropolitan Region Smaller Scale: Community/ Neighborhood In the 20th century the transportation layouts and geographic features determined the pattern at the larger scale.
29
Which development pattern is the simplest pattern?
The expanded grid A city is formed at the conjunction of two roads (Philadelphia) Growth follows the grid pattern
30
Which development pattern has no central focus or overall organizational scheme?
The Field Pattern Development takes place in a series of highways and natural features Example Los Angeles
31
Which development pattern has a central urban core w/ other major cores surrounding it?
Satellite Pattern The central core is linked to highways and the outer cores are connected to a road system (beltway). Houston Usually a satellite pattern starts out as a star pattern.
32
This development pattern is the ultimate in urban development, where two or more urban centers grow together as the space between is developed.
Megalopolis | Examples: North East US and Southern California
33
This term defines the quality of an environment that gives off a strong image in the mind of the observer
Imageability | Ex. the hills of San Francisco
34
Kevin Lynch
Wrote the Image of the City 5 Elements of the Urban Image: ``` 1 - Path 2 - Edges 3 - Districts 4 - Nodes 5 - Landmarks ```
35
Describe "Path" based on the Image of the City
Circulation in which people customarily, potentially will move
36
Describe "Edges" based on the Image of the City
Linear elements that form boundaries between two districts (ex. Shoreline, line of buildings against a park, a wall) Can be solid or penetrable, perceived an edge when seen from afar.
37
Describe "Districts" based on the Image of the City
2D areas that people perceive as having some common, character and they can enter. (Back bay in Boston and Georgetown in Washington D.C)
38
Describe "Nodes" based on the Image of the City
Centers of interest that people can enter. (ex. the intersection of paths, transportation changes, plaza, squares or centers of districts).
39
Describe "Landmarks" based on the Image of the City
point of reference, but people cannot enter them (ex. tower, monument, building or natural feature)
40
This is a large piece of land w/ limited intrusions of the automobile. Surrounded by a continuous street and vehicular access w/ cul-de-sacs
Superblock Born out of the New Town Concept - Radburn, NJ (ex. Chandigarh, India by Lecorb and Brasilia by Lucio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer).
41
Planned Unit Development
PUD The variation of the superblock idea - with this approach each parcel of land can have a mix of uses and open space. Industrial use can also be planned
42
Which development includes uses permitted, total floor area ratios, amount of open space required, parking requirements, living space ratio, max heights and setbacks.
PUD
43
What are the advantages of PUD
land use is more efficient by grouping compatible uses, variety of housing options: SF, RH, High-rise
44
This term is defined as the number of people per unit of area, based on a ratio not the total number of people.
Density Should not be confused with crowding. Poor density can cause poor physical and mental health and bring antisocial behaviors.
45
Sociopetal vs. Sociofugal
Spaces that tend to bring people together i.e. circular gathering spaces and radial street paths. (Sociopetal) Spaces tent to discourage interaction. (Sociofugal)
46
Territoriality
When people need space to call their own, it can be small or temporatry like a conference room seat. The more permanent the space the more boundaries are provided like walls, fences, property lines.
47
This concept was proposed by Edward T Hall
Personal Space 4 basic distances Intimate - Closest 6" to 18" Personal - 1.5' to 2.5' Social - 4' to 12' (most impersonal business, work and other interactions between strangers or in more formal situations). Public - 12' to outward (allows people to escape if they sense personal danger).
48
Diveristy
People need stimulating environments
49
Defensible Space
Oscar Newman - Environments can have an effect on criminal behavior. CPTED (Crime Prevention Through Environment Design)
50
CPTED
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design Using basic concepts such as surveillance, territoriality and real symbolic barriers to reduce crime. Ex. having the entry to an apartment bldg. that opens to the public area of a street, a low wall to indicate the separation of public and semi-public space, large window placed next to the front door so residents and passersbys could observe activity. Electronic surveillance, alarms and human resources.
51
The surrounding population of a geographic region.
Catchment Area A developer of a store bases their decision to build on the number of people within a certain distance to the proposed store location. The population within the catchment area is the primary market for the services of the store. Schools have a catchment area as well.
52
How are Catchment Areas determined?
By physical features such as highways, rivers, political boundaries, or divisions between ethnic neighborhoods.
53
Where is information about Catchment Areas available?
Census data and Local Planning Agencies
54
A small area in which a number of people live who share similar needs, desires in housing, social activities, etc.
Neighborhoods
55
Charles Perry
(1929) originated the concept of neighborhood A place to share common problems and become involved in the planning process. Elementary school, serve as a community center. District to be surrounded by major streets rather than intersected by them. Site development must be sensitive to current neighborhoods.
56
Describe the surface features of the land.
Topography
57
What is shown on the Topographic Map?
The slope and land contour and other features.
58
Who develops the topographic map? | Whats included on the topographic map?
The land surveyor. It includes information such as: Property boundary, existing buildings, utility poles, roads, trees, etc.
59
Shows the elevation of the land in a plan view and used to make slope analysis.
Contour lines Each line represents a continuous line above a reference benchmark
60
The vertical distance between adjacent contour lines.
Contour Interval Ranges between 1, 2 and 5 feet
61
How are slopes represented
They are represented as being a percentage of 1' vertical rise for every 100' of horizontal distance. Slopes 0 to 4% usable for all activities and easy to build on. Slopes 4 to 10% suitable for informal movement and outdoor activity and can be build on easily Slopes over 10% difficult to climb or use outdoor activity and more expensive to build on. Slopes over 25% are subject to erosion.
62
Grades for uses
Grounds for Drainage - min. 2% preferred 4% Grass for recreation - min. 2% preferred 2.5% max. 5% Roads - min. 0.5% max. 10% Sanitary Sewers - min. .5% to 1.5% Approach Walks to Bldgs. - min. 1% max 0.5% Landscape Slopes - min. 2% max. 50% Ramps - min. 5% max. 8.33%
63
True of false | Moving large amounts or earth is expensive and importing and exporting soil to or from a site is not desirable.
True Also, the amount of earth cut away should be equal to the amount of fill
64
What may be required to determine the best building orientation, outdoor areas and approaches to buidlings
A view analysis
65
Formula for slope
G = (d/L) x 100 ``` d = vertical distance L = horizontal distance G = slope ```
66
True or False | Sites with high water tables do not cause problems with excavations
False High water tables (6ft to 8ft) cause problems not only with excavations, but also foundations, utility placement and landscaping.
67
What is a water table
It is the level underground in which the soil is saturated with water. The water follows the slope of the grade above, but it can vary slightly.
68
What technique is used to determine whether ground water is present and how deep it is?
Boring Log
69
Runoff coefficient
The fraction of total precipitation that is not absorbed into the ground. Excessive runoff may be increased due to roof areas, roads and parking lots.
70
Why are holding ponds created?
When the runoff is greater than the capacity of the natural or artificial drainage from the site holding ponds are created to temporarily collect site runoff and release it at a controlled rate.
71
This is the pulverized upper layer of earth, formed by the erosion of rocks and plant remains and modified by living plants and organisms.
Soil Visible layer - Topsoil (mixture of mineral and organic material) the thickness ranges from a few inches to a foot or more. Below the topsoil is the mostly mineral material Below all layers is solid bedrock
72
How is soil classified according to grain size?
Gravel: over 2mm in dia. Sands: .05mm to 2mm in dia. (the finest grains are visible to the eye) Silts: .002mm to .05mm in dia. (grains are invisible but can be felt as smooth) Clay: under .002mm in dia, smooth and floury when dry, plastic and sticky when wet
73
Which types of soils are best for construction loads and drainage and for sewage drain fields?
Gravels and sands
74
This material is stable when dry or damp, but unstable when wet. It also swells and heaves when frozen and compresses under load.
Silt Building foundations and road bases must extend below it or must be elastic enough to avoid damage. Some nonplastic silts are usable for lighter loads.
75
This material expands when wet and is subject to slipage.
Clay It is also poor for landscaping and unsuitale for sewage drain fields or other types of drainage
76
These materials are best for landscaping but unsuitable for building foundations and road bases.
Peat and other organic materials. Usually these soils must be removed from the site and replaced with sands and gravel. (refer to chpt. 35)
77
What are the 4 basic categories of roads?
Local - have the lowest capacity and provide direct access to building sites. Collector - connect local streets and arterial streets, not intended for through traffic, controlled by stop signs Arterial - major cont. circulation routes that carry large amounts of traffic in 2 or 3 lanes, parking is not allowed, controlled by traffic light Expressway - limited access roads to move large volumes of traffic, ramp systems
78
When roads are laid out in both the horizontal and vertical direction its called?
Horizontal and Vertical Alignment
79
Straight sections or roads are called?
Tangents Curved portions of roads are arcs
80
What is the preferred radius for curves on the street?
Simple curve w/ uniform radius between tangents. min of 100' between curves in opposite directions and 200' between curves in the same direction. Multiple radius curves should be avoided.
81
What should be the max slope for streets?
10%
82
What are the sizes for loading births based on local zoning ordinances?
10 to 12 ft wide, at least 40 ft long and 14 ft vertical distance Min 60 ft turning radius
83
The development of a site is dependent on the availability of what?
Utilities of water, sanitary sewers, storm sewers, telephone service, gas service, electric service, and other public utilities. Utility lines that extend a considerable distance are costly to development.
84
Which utilities are located under the road? Which utilities are located adjacent to the road? Which utilities are located either under the road or next to it within the right of way
Sanitary sewers, storm sewers, and water mains. Electric and Communication lines Gas Lines
85
Which utilities take precedence when installed?
Sanitary and Storm sewers, because they depend on the flow of gravity Collection systems drain to municipal disposal systems or to private on site treatment facilities.
86
What are the two aspects to climate analysis?
Macroclimate - the overall climate of the REGION and it reflected in the weather data available from the National Weather service (region is classified as cool, temperate, hot-arid or hot humid Microclimate - the SITE specific modification of the macroclimate by features such as land slope, trees and other vegetation such as bodies of water and buildings.
87
Leeward vs windward
Leeward - the side away from the wind direction Windward - the side the receives the wind
88
What is the best microclimates for wind in temperate climates
south or southeast facing slopes, in the middle of the slpe
89
The amount of solar radiation on the ground surface depends on what?
The angle of the sun's rays to the surface. The summer is warmer than winter. The sun is higher in the sky and there are longer days
90
Albedo
The fraction of the radiant energy received on a surface. It is expressed as a number from zero to 1.0 A black surface absorbs all the energy and reflects none and has an albedo of 0 A mirror has an albedo of 1.0
91
Conductivity
The time rate of flow of heat THROUGH a material. Highly conductive materials let heat pass through them quickly. (Metal, concrete and masonry) Materials with low conductivity retard heat passage. (Natural materials)
92
When albedo and conductivity are combined how does it affect the microclimate?
Ground surfaces will tend to moderate and stabilize the microclimate b/c excess heat is quickly absorbed, stored, and released when the temperature drops.
93
What concerns does Sustainability address?
``` Environmental Impact Use of Materials Energy Conservation Alternative Energy Sources Adaptive Reuse Indoor Air Quality Recycle, Reuse ```
94
The study of living organisms in relation to their environment.
Ecology
95
What is the key factor of ecology?
The need to understand the impact of construction on the surrounding natural environment

PPP Notes (1 decks)

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