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charlies medicine > PPP > Flashcards

PPP Flashcards

1
Q

Lay Referral System

A

Patients seek advice from family or friends

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2
Q

The Clinical Iceberg

A

Tip of iceberg – symptoms taken to the GP by patient

Iceberg underwater – symptoms you don’t see

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3
Q

Zola’s 5 Social Triggers

A
  1. Perceived interference with physical/vocational activity
  2. Perceived interference with social or personal relations
  3. The occurrence of an interpersonal crisis
  4. Sanctioning
  5. A kind of temporalising of symptomatology
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4
Q

Mechanic’s Variables that Influence Illness Behaviour

A
  1. Visibility, recognisability or perceptual salience of signs
  2. The extent to which symptoms are perceived as serious
  3. The extent to which symptoms disrupt family life, etc.
  4. The frequency of the appearance of the symptoms or signs, their persistence or their recurrence
  5. The tolerance threshold of those who are exposed to and evaluate the signs and symptoms
  6. Available information, knowledge and cultural assumptions and understandings of the evaluator
  7. Basic needs that lead to denial
  8. Needs competing with illness responses
  9. Competing possible interpretations that can be assigned to the symptoms once they are recognised
  10. Availability of treatment resources, physical proximity and psychological and monetary costs of taking action
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5
Q

Kleinman’s Model of Healthcare Systems

A

Professional Sector – talking to doctors
Folk Sector – traditional medicine
Popular Sector – talking to family/friends

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6
Q

Parson’s Analysis of the Sick Role

A

Patients want to get well as quickly as possible
Patients should co-operate with the doctor
Patients should shed some normal activities
Patients should be regarded as being in need of care

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7
Q

GMC’s Exceptions for Breaching Confidentiality

A
  1. Interest of patient
  2. Interest of others
  3. Between healthcare teams
  4. With the patient’s consent
  5. Legal proceedings
  6. Statutory requirements
  7. Teaching/audit purposes
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8
Q

Bolam Standard and Bolitho

A

Standard of ordinary, reasonable doctor

Modified by Bolitho, as Bolam could be a low standard

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9
Q

Deontology

A

Duty based ethics
Respect for autonomy
Allows tell the truth, regardless of outcome
Irrespective of consequences

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10
Q

Utilitarianism

A

Greater good
Weigh up harms and benefits
In general favours telling the truth and maintaining confidentiality
Assess the best outcomes

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11
Q

The Biopsychiosocial Model

A

Biological e.g. genetics, virus
Psychological e.g. lifestyle, stress, health beliefs
Social e.g. cultural influences, social support
Patients are not passive victims, but responsible for their own health

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12
Q

Biomedical Model

A

Every disease has a biological cause
Patient seen as a victim, not responsible for their health
Mind and body are separate entities
Can have psychological consequences but not psychological causes
Health and illness are qualitatively different
Dominant view in past

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13
Q

4 Types of Deception

A

Involuntary through mishearing/misunderstanding
Voluntary know they’ve misunderstood, don’t clear it up
Intentional when you tell them what you presume isn’t true
Unintentional when you communicate information you think is true, when in fact it’s not

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14
Q

Times conflict can occur

A

Beneficence v non-maleficence
Professional v relative
Professional v professional

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15
Q

The Health Belief Model

A

person’s readiness to take health action depends on 4 factors:
The perceived susceptibility of the disease
The perceived severity of the disease
The perceived benefits of taking action
The perceived barriers to performing action
(Demographic variables
Psychological characteristics
Cues for action)

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16
Q

Culture

A

The customary beliefs, social forms and material traits of a racial, religious or social group

17
Q

Race

A

A category of humankind that shares certain distinctive physical traits
Permanent, natural, inherent and genetic

18
Q

Ethnicity

A

A large group of people classed according to common racial, national, tribal, religious, linguistic or cultural origin or background
Socially constructed identity

19
Q

Law of Consent

A

Patient must give adequate information
Consent must be given voluntarily
Patients must be competent to give the consent
Patient must make a decision

20
Q

Parental Responsibility

A

Mother of the child
Father of the child if married to mother
Unmarried father has no automatic parental responsibility

21
Q

Gillick/Fraser Competence

A

If a child has sufficient maturity to understand the nature of the medical treatment and its consequences, they are deemed ‘Gillick competent’

22
Q

Infant Mortality Rate

A

No. of deaths in children aged under 1/total number of live births x1000

23
Q

Incidence

A

Number of new cases/ Population at risk

24
Q

Prevalence

A

All cases (old and new) /Population at risk

25
Q

Crude Mortality Rate

A

Total no. of deaths in 1 year/Total mid-year population

26
Q

Disease Specific Death Rate

A

No. of deaths from disease x 1000

Total mid-year population

27
Q

Direct Standardisation

A

Age-specific rates from a study population are applied to a standard population structure

  1. Calculate age-specific rates for Hitchin
  2. Multiply by the number of people in each age-band in the UK to give the expected number of cases
  3. Sum the expected number of cases
  4. Divide the expected number of cases by the actual number of cases in HitchinCompare disease rates across areas and time
28
Q

Indirect Standardisation

A

Age-specific rates from a standard population are applied to a study population structure

SMR = Observed no. of deaths for study population
Expected no. of deaths for study population

SMR of 150% or 1.5 means that your study population has 1.5 times as many deaths as you would expect

  1. Calculate age-specific rates for the UK
  2. Multiply by the number of people in each age-band in Hitchin to give the expected number of cases
  3. Sum the expected number of cases in Hitchin
  4. Dived the actual number of cases by the expected number of cases in Hitchin (SMR)
29
Q

Model of the Functions of Self-Care

A

Restorative – to alleviate illness
Reactive – to alleviate symptoms
Preventative – to prevent disease
Regulatory – to regulate body processes

30
Q

Factors Contributing to Self-Care

A
  1. Symptom management
  2. Definitions of health and illness
  3. Body maintenance
  4. Healthism
  5. Changing beliefs about medical power and expertise
  6. Internet
  7. Technology
  8. OTC medication
  9. Increase in number of people with chronic disease
  10. Expert patients
  11. Patient choice/empowerment
  12. Need to reduce NHS costs
31
Q

Battery

A

Non-consensual touching
Patient must be informed in broad and general terms
Even if the patient is not harmed or has benefited

32
Q

Negligence

A

More like the ethical doctrine of consent
Patient must prove that they wouldn’t have consented if they had known the risks
Patient must have been harmed

33
Q

Mental Capacity Act

A

Understand the information
Retain the information
Weigh up the information
Communicate decision

charlies medicine (9 decks)

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