PPL Presolo Flashcards
Right of way
FAR 91.113
B- ballon G- glider A- airship A- airplane R- rotorcraft
Required equipment
Day VFR
Night VFR
ATOMATOFLAMES:
A: anti collision lights T: tach O: oil pressure M: manifold pressure A: altimeter T: temp gauge for each liq cooled engine O: oil temp for each air cooled engine F: fuel gauge L: landing gear position indicator A: airspeed indicator M: magnetic heading indicator E: ELT S: seatbelts
FLAPS:
F: fuses L: landing light (if for hire) A: anticollision light P: position lights S: source of power
Airspeed indicator markings:
White arc: flap operating range
Lower limit of white arc: (Vso) power off stall speed with flaps and gear extended.
Upper limit of white arc: (Vfe) max speed with flaps extended.
Green arc: normal operating range.
Lower limit of green arc: (Vs1) the stalling speed, power off, in a clean configuration.
Upper limit of green arc: (Vno) max structural cruising speed. Don’t exceed except in smooth air.
Yellow arc: caution range.
Redline: (Vne) never exceed.
Airport beacons
- White and green: lighted land airport
2.
91.13
Careless or reckless operations.
No person may operate and aircraft in a careless or reckless manner so as to endanger the life or property of another.
91.17
Alcohol or drugs
8 hours after consumption.
May not be under influence of drugs or alcohol.
May not be over 0.04 blood alcohol concentration.
91.119
Minimum safe altitudes
Anywhere:
Pitot system blockage.
If just the pitot tube then
- airspeed drops to zero
If pitot, drain hole and static
-changes of airspeed will not be indicated
If pitot and drain hole but static is not blocked
- airspeed will act as an altimeter
If pitot is open but static is blocked
-airspeed will indicate slower if above where the source became blocked and faster if below.
Engine:
- Horizontally opposed.
- 4 Cyl
- overhead valve
- Air cooled
- wet sump lubrication sys. (Oil)
- lycoming IO-360-L2A
- 180 HP @ 2700 rpm
Landing gear:
- tricycle type
- steerable nose gear
- shock absorption by tubular spring steel mains and air/oil nose shock strut.
- Each main has a hydraulically actuated disc type brake.
Nose gear is moved on the ground by depressed the rudder pedals, which then move the nose gear with a spring loaded steering bungee.
Flaps:
- Single slot type wing flap
- Switch lever moves flaps to mechanical stops at 10, 20, and 30 degrees.
- Wing flap circuit is protected by a 10 ampere circuit breaker labeled “flap”.
Ignition and starter system:
- Ignition provides by two engine driven magnetos.
- right mag fires lower right and upper left plugs.
- left mag fires lower left and upper right spark plugs.
- using both mags provide a more complete burning of fuel/air mixture with dual ignition.
Fuel system:
- Two vented fuel tanks (wings)
- Three position selector valve
- Aux fuel pump
- Fuel shutoff valve
- Fuel strainer
- Engine driven fuel pump
- Fuel/air control unit
- Fuel distribution valve
- Fuel injection nozzles
FUEL DISTRIBUTION:
- Flows by gravity from wing tanks to the 3 position shutoff valve to the reservoir tank. Then through aux fuel pump, past fuel shutoff valve, through strainer, to engine driven fuel pump.
- From fuel pump to fuel/air control unit, where it is metered and directed to fuel distribution valve (manifold) which distributes to cylinder. Fuel flow to each cylinder is continuous, flow rate is determined by amount of air passing through fuel/air control unit.
Electrical system:
- 28-volt, direct current electrical system.
- Powered by belt driven, 60 amp alternator and 24-volt battery.
Required inspections:
AV1ATE
Annual VOR: 30 days 100 hr if for hire Altimeter/pitot static: 24 months Transponder: 24 months ELT: 12 months, 1 hr of use, 1/2 battery life
Special flight permit:
Issues for an AC that may not meet current airworthiness requirements, but is capable of safe flight. Get it from Flight Standards District Office (FSDO) or Designated Airworthiness Representative (DAR)
- Flying to base for repairs, alterations, maintenance, or for storage.
- Delivering or exporting AC.
- Flight testing new production AC.
- Evacuating AC from impending danger
- Customer demo of new production AC.
Personal safety checks/minimums:
PAVE
IMSAFE
5 P’s
- Pilot
- Aircraft
- Environment
- External
- Illness
- Medication
- Stress
- Alcohol
- Fatigue
- Emotions
- Plane
- Plan
- Pilot
- Programming
- Passengers
Compass errors:
ANDS
UNOS
Accelerate North, decelerate South.
Undershoot north, overshoot South.
Blocked pitot/static instruments.
If just the pitot tube then
- airspeed drops to zero
If pitot, drain hole and static
-changes of airspeed will not be indicated
If pitot and drain hole but static is not blocked
- airspeed will act as an altimeter
If pitot is open but static is blocked
-airspeed will indicate slower if above where the source became blocked and faster if below.
Preflight Action
NWKRAFT
- Notams
- Weather
- Known ATC delays
- Runway lengths
- Alternate info
- Fuel requirements
- Takeoff/landing data
VFR Cloud clearances:
B: 3 miles clear of clouds
C, D: 3 miles vis, 1000 above, 500 below, 2000 horizontal.
E: below 10k: “3-152”
Above 10k: 5 miles vis, 1000 above, 1000 below, 1 mile horizontal.
G:
At night “3-152”
Day above 1200: “1-152”
Day below 1200: 1 mile clr of clouds
Drag
Induced: byproduct of lift
-acts rearward and parallel to the relative wind
Parasite:
- form: caused by separation of airflow from surface structure
- interference: varied air currents mix with one another
- Skin friction
Inflight WX
Flight watch 122.2
Airmet: every six hours
- Sierra: mt obscuration
- Tango: Turbulence
- Zulu: icing
Sigmet: nonconvective
- Severe icing, turbulence (not associated with a thunderstorm), sandstorm, volcanic ash.
Convective sigmet:
- severe thunderstorms with surface winds greater than 50 kts, hail bigger than 3/4 inch, tornadoes.
- embedded thunderstorms
Exterior lighting and night Ops
Engine running: beacon
Taxi: turn on taxi, nav, position, and anti collision lights.
Crossing runway: all exterior lights
Entering runway for departure: all lights besides landing.
At night: be slightly off centerline so AC can see you.
Takeoff: landing should be turned on when clearance is received.
Be more cautious at night. Taxi slower, look closely at markings.
Hyperventilation
Loss of carbon dioxide from the body. Symptoms are similar to hypoxia.
Hypoxia
Hypoxia: lack of oxygen
Hypemic: lack of blood (carbon monoxide)
Stagnant: blood not flowing
Histotoxic: poison (alcohol, other drugs)
Symptoms: headache, drowsiness, euphoria, impaired judgement, numbness, etc.
VFR, MVFR, IFR, LIFR
VFR: ceiling greater than 3,000 AGL and greater than 5 statute miles vis.
MVFR: ceiling off 1000-3000 AGL. Vis 3-5 miles.
IFR: 500-999 AGL. Vis 1-3 miles.
LIFR: ceiling less than 500. Vis less than 1 mile.
Detonation and preignition:
Detonation is and explosion rather than a controlled burn.
Preignition is lighting before the spark plug lights, caused by a hot spot or carbon deposit.
Standard temp/pressure/lapse rate.
Standard sea level pressure: 29.92
Standard temp @ sea level: 15 C
Standard lapse: 2 degrees per 1000 ft
High and Low Pressure:
High: outwards, downwards and clockwise (anticyclonic).
- areas of dry, descending air (good wx)
Low: inward, upward, and counterclockwise (cyclonic).
-Air flows into low pressure to replace rising air, bringing increased cloudiness and precipitation (bad wx)
DECIDE model to aeronautical decision making.
D- detect a change that needs attention.
E- estimate need to counter/react to change.
C- choose most desired outcome.
I- ID actions to successfully control the change
D- do something to adapt to change.
E- evaluate the effect of the action countering the change.
3 P’s of aeronautical decision making (ADM)
- perceive
- process
- perform
5 p’s model to assess risk
- Plane
- Plan
- Programming
- Pilot
- Passengers
V speeds: KIAS
VNE VNO VA VFE VSO VS1
VFE: 163
VNO: 129
VA:
2550: 105
2200: 98
1900: 90
VSO: 40 (bottom of white arc)
VS1: 48 (bottom of green arc)
