PPL knowledge Flashcards
Ground reference maneuvers (picking a spot on the ground to to develop skill for correcting for the wind).
How does ground speed affect your bank?
The higher your ground speed the steeper your bank.
EX: Flying downwind then to LT. Highest bank with more than 90 degree turn to correct for wind.
S Turns
Downwind vs upwind - How does this affect your bank and roll rate?
Downwind - Steepest bank and fastest roll rate
Upwind - Shallowest roll and slowest roll rate
To assess conditions for takeoff and develop an plan use the CHORD checklist
What is CHORD?
Conditions
Hazards
Operational Changes
Runway required vs available
Return Procedures
Departure plans
DO A TAKEOFF BRIEFING WITH INSTRUCTOR
Before taxiing onto runway: Use Lights, Camera, Action
Lights - Landing Lights on
Camera - Transponder set an ALT
Action - Mixture full rich (as appropriate for altitude) + Final is clear
Crosswind landing
You are using a slideslip to correct for LT crosswind on Landing.
If you continue to drift to RT what controls do you use?
More LT aileron (increase bank into wind)
More RT rudder (use opposite rudder to continue straight)
Private pilot license. Description + Limitations
Allows command of any aircraft (subject to appropriate ratings) for any noncommercial purpose and gives almost unlimited authority to fly under VFR.
A private pilot may not be compensated in any way for services as a pilot, although passengers can pay a pro rata share of flight expenses, such as fuel or rental costs.
What are the 5 Hazardous attitudes and the antidotes?
1) Anti-authority: “Don’t tell me.”
Follow the rules. They are usually right.
2) Impulsivity: “Do it quickly.”
Not so fast. Think first.
3) Invulnerability: “It won’t happen to me.”
It could happen to me.
4) Macho: “I can do it.”
Taking chances is foolish.
5) Resignation: “What’s the use?”
I’m not helpless. I can make a difference.
IMSAFE - What does it stand for and used for?
Illness/Medication/Stress/Alcohol/Fatigue/Emotion
Pilots can mitigate risk is to use the IMSAFE checklist to determine physical and mental readiness for flying.
The PAVE Checklist
What is it for and what does it stand for?
1) Pilot in Command
2) Aircraft
3) enVironment
4) External Pressures
Another way to mitigate risk is to perceive hazards. Incorporate into pre-flight planning
V so
Stall speed with flaps (landing configuration)
Located at top of the gague
V SI
Stall speed in clean configuration
Located at the top of the green
V
R
Rotation
V
G
Best glide / Most lift with least drag
V
X
Best angle of climb / Most altitude for distance
V
y
Best rate of climb / most altitude for time
V
FE
Max speed w/ full extended flaps = damage to flaps & wings
V
NO
Max structure crusing speed - beginning of yellow
V
NE
Never exceed speed
DECIDE Model
A six-step process DECIDE Model is another continuous loop process that provides the pilot with a logical way of making decisions.
Detect,
Estimate,
Choose a course of action,
Identify solutions,
Do the necessary actions,
Evaluate the effects of the actions.
Brief passengers using the SAFETY list
S - Seatbelts and seat position
A - Airvents / environment / action if discomfort
F - Fire extinguisher
E - Exit Doors secure/open, emergency evac plan, survival kit
T - Traffic (scan spot notify) + talking (sterile)
Y - Your questions (speak up)
Four forces act upon an aircraft in relation to straight-and level, unaccelerated flight.
These forces are thrust, lift, weight, and drag.
Pitching controls which axis?
Lateral axis (think tail and nose up and down / Line between wings)
Rolling controls which axis?
Longitudinal axis. (wings up and down / Line through nose and tail)
Yawing controls which axis?
Vertical axis (LT or RT of nose & tail) (Line through roof to wheels)
Visual Approach Slope Indicator VASI
RED RED
WHITE WHITE
RED OVER WHITE
Indicates what glide path?
RED RED - You’re dead (below glide path)
WHITE WHITE - Youll fly all night (above glide path)
RED OVER WHITE - Youre all right (on glide path)
Precision approach path indicator PAPI
W/W/W/W =
W/W/W/R =
W/W/R/R =
W/R/R/R =
R/R/R/R =
Single row of 4 lights - White and red
W/W/W/W = High 3.5 degrees +
W/W/W/R = Slightly High 3.2 degree
W/W/R/R = On guide path 3 degrees
W/R/R/R = Slightly low 2.8 degrees
R/R/R/R = Low 2.5 degrees -
Pulsating VASI known as PVASI
Pulsating white =
Steady White =
Steady red =
Pulsating red =
Pulsating white = Too high (higher = faster pulses)
Steady White = On glide path
Steady red = slightly below glide path
Pulsating red = below glide path (lower = faster)
Go around procedure for plane controls
Power (full throttle)
Attitude (do not immediately pull back = need sufficient speed)
Configuration (flaps = retract in increments or you’ll lose lift)
Angle of attack (define)
The angle between the the wing chord line and the relative wind (the wind opposite direction of the flight path).
Airplane will stall at the same critical angle of attack regardless of (4 things)
airspeed, weight, load factor, density altitude
Skyhawk critical angle of attack
16 degrees
What is the stall speed of Vs
Vs (stall speed w/ no flaps) is 48 KIAS (Knots indicated airspeed)
What is the stall speed of Vso
Vso (stall speed with 30 degree flaps) 40 KIAS (Knots indicated airspeed)
One T one F
Angle of attack decreases with increasing airspeed in level flight
Angle of attack increases with increasing airspeed in level flight
Angle of attack decreases with increasing airspeed in level flight (because more air over the wings = more lift)
Three actions to recover from a stall
Decrease angle of attack
Apply max power
regain straight and level flight
To recover from a spin use TARE
Throttle (reduce to idle)
Ailerons (neutralize)
Rudder (opposite the direction of the spin - full)
Elevator (briskly move the elevator forward of neutral)
Coriolis Effect
Caused by?
Affect on air current?
Caused by the rotation of the earth
Deflection of air currents to the RT in Northern Hemisphere
Rotates air clockwise in high pressure and counter clockwise in low pressure
Deflection of air currents to the LT in Southern Hemisphere
Rotates air clockwise in low pressure and counter clockwise in high pressure
Why does wind at the surface travel pretty much between H and L pressure?
Friction between the wind and the surface counteracts the coriolis effect and allows flow directly between H and L pressure.
Moisture can be added to the atmosphere by (2)
Moisture can also change its state by (2)
Evaporation - Liquid changes to vapor
Sublimation - Water moves from a frozen state to vapor w/o melting
Condensation - Water vapor goes from gas to liquid
Deposition - Water vapor changes to a solid state (ice, snow, frost)
Relative humidity
Amount of moisture the air can hold at a temp
Compared to the amount of moisture in the air at that temperature
Dew point
Air is cooled to the temp at which it can hold no more moisture. (In order for water vapor in the air to condense the air must cool to the dew point).
To calculate the base of clouds (in thousands of feet) where clouds will form
Above Ground Level AGL
Subtract dew point by the temperature
divide by 2.5 degrees C
REMEMBER answer in in thousands of feet + (TRICK) you need to add elevation of airport if asking for above sea level (because answer is AGL)
Lapse rate
Refers to?
Determines?
Measures?
Standard measurement
Refers to the decrease of air temp with altitude
Determines the resistance to vertical displacement of an air mass
Measures the rate of cooling associated with a climb in altitude
Standard is 2 degrees C decrease per 1K altitude increase
EX Balloon warmer than surrounding = rise; cooler = descent; equal = stationary
What is unstable air as it relates to lapse rate?
If the existing lapse rate is greater than the standard lapse rate (2 degreed c per 1K altitude) it means:
Air cools more than 2 degree per 1K = unstable.
Lifted air is warmer and tend to rise.
If air cools less than 2 degreed per 1K = stable
Thunderstorms are created when air (3)…
Is forced to rise
in unstable air
contains sufficient water vapor
What are the 4 types of air mass classified by its water content and temp?
Continental for dry
Maritime for moist
Polar for cold
Tropical for warm
Stationary font
Cold / warm occluded front
Stationary front = less than 5K movement
Cold occluded front - Cold front lifts warm air off the ground and overtakes cool air in front of the warm air mass
Warm Occluded front - Cold front lifts warm air off the ground, and the cold mass ahead is the coldest of the 3
Frontal speed (over the ground) of a cold front
Equal to the speed of the wind component
- perpendicular to the front
- Just above the friction layer (2000 FT AGL)
Frontal speed (over the ground) of a warm front
Half the speed of the wind component
- perpendicular to the front
- Just above the friction layer (2000 FT AGL)
A temperature inversion occurs when
The air at higher altitude is warmer than the air down below
What 3 types of fog requires wind, 2 do not
Steam (light wind over cool land / water), Advection (15K- wind blows over cold surface EX ocean), Upslope (moves to area of lower pressure and expands and cools to dew point).
radiation (standard with ceiling, temp increases with altitude, winds can be strong along inversion cap), Precipitation induced fog (precipitation evaporates)
does not.
Formation of a thunderstorm requires
Thunderstorm = cumulonimbus + lightning & thunder
A lifting force (front, upslope or thermals from ground), unstable air (to continue to rise and cool), moist air or high humidity (heat energy for storm to grow and moisture to condense).
Three stages of a thunderstorm
Cumulus - vertical cloud buildup / upward drafts
mature state - downdrafts w/ precipitation, temp drop, rise in pressure
updrafts w/ vertical wind shears
dissipating stage - downdrafts w/ turbulence
Density altitude
How to calculate
How your plane will perform
Start with indicated altitude
Correct for non-standard pressure + non standard temp = density altitude (aka performance altitude)
How does higher temp or altitude or humidity affect density altitude
Higher density altitude = Performance decease
Trick: less molecules = HIGHER density altitude
3Hs = High, Hot and Humid
ISA international standard atmosphere VS density altitude
Model of standard pressure and temp
Density altitude accounts for differences in ISA
If you follow the standard line on chart then density altitude and pressure altitude are equal. Making the calculations is what accounts for difference.
TOLD (Take off and Landing Data)
Calculate:
Pressure Altitude (PA)
PA = (29.92 - Current Altimeter setting) x 1000 + Field Elevation
(field elevation is altitude - pressure altitude conversion factor)
TOLD (Take off and Landing Data)
Calculate:
Density Altitude (DA)
(NEEDS PA to calculate)
DA = (120 X Temp deviation from standard) + PA
Rule of thumb for gradient changing runway legnth
For every 1% gradient there is a 10% change in runway length
EX Runway 9-27 is 7K long with 1% upslope gradient. 7000 - 700 = 6300 feet of takeoff runway.
Define Moment
Rotational force an item would apply if it were rotating around a data point (weight and balance)
High (early) roundout
Late (rapid) roundout
Floating
Ballooning
(ALL CAUSED BY?)
Hight/Early - Looking at nose
Late/Rapid - point too far from nose
Floating - excessive speed
Ballooning - pull back too quick and climb
Responding to an emergency
What are your priorities?
Aviate / Navigate / Communicate
Aviate: FADD = Fly, assess, decide, do it.
Navigate = position plane to your advantage
Communicate = when you have time, as a resource (transmit 121.5 MHz itnl emergency frequency)(squak 7700)
Difference between a urgent condition and a distress condition
Urgent = potential distress condition (radio “PAN-PAN-PAN)
Distress = serious and imminent danger (mayday-mayday-mayday)
Engine failure procedure
Attitude for best glide
Best place to land
Cockpit check (checklists)
Dialogue / “declare”
Everybody ready
Final checks = Mixuture (idle cutoff), fuel/magnetos/master switch off
Class G airspace (altitudes and map colors) which lead to class E.
Extends to but not including:
700 AGL (Magenta Vignette)
or 1200 AGL (Blue Vignette)
Can extend up to but not including 14,500 MSL (where class E, begins everywhere) E = 14,500 - 17,999
Class E airspace communication and equipment requirements
No requirements below 10,000 MSL
When above 10,000 MSL or 2500 AGL you must have a transponder and ADS-B (Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast) out
Class D airspace
Requirements to enter
Depicted on map
Vertical on map
Requirements: two way communication; i.e. ATC aknowledges call sign and not told to remain clear (clearance is not required)
Blue dashed line
2500 AGL (But shown on chart as MSL - Look at altimeter)
VFR in cruise flight altitudes
0 degrees through 179 degrees
180 degrees through 364 degrees
What altitudes
Above 3000 feet only on a magnetic course (your track across the earth not your heading)
0-179 = Odd 1000 +500 (ex 3500, 5500, 7500, 9500)
180-364 = Even 100+500 (ex 4500, 6500, 8500)
Hint: O-N-E Odd north east
Near Mid Air collisions (NMAC) incident reports should be reported when
Possibility of collision occures (proximity of less than 500 feet), and Pilot or crew states a collision hazard existed between 2 aircraft.
How/when should Near Mid Air collisions (NMAC) incident reports be filed
Immediately to ATC or Flight service station (FSS)
or in writing to nearest Flight Standards District Office (FSDO)
