PPL Flashcards
VNO
Maximum Structural Cruising Speed
126 KCAS 129 KIAS
Do not exceed this speed except in smooth air, and then
only with caution.
VA
Maneuvering Speed:
2550 Pounds:102 / 105
2200 Pounds: 95 / 98
1900 Pounds: 88 / 90
Do not make full or abrupt control movements above
this speed.
VFE
VFE
Maximum F lap Extended Speed:
Flaps10°: 107 / 110
Flaps10° to FULL: 85 / 85
Do not exceed this speed with flaps down
VNE
160 / 163
Red Arc
20 - 40
Low airspeed warning.
White arc
40 - 85
Full Flap Operating Range. Lower limit is maximum weight VS0 in landing
configuration. Upper limit is maximum speed permissible with flaps extended
Green arc
48 - 129
Normal Operating Range. Lower limit is maximum weight VS1 at most forward C.G. with flaps retracted. Upper limit is maximum structural cruising speed.
Yellow arc
129 - 163
Operations must be conducted with caution and only in smooth air.
Red line
163
Maximum speed for all operations.
Vr
55-60 KIAS
Vso
40 KIAS
Stalling Speed or the minimum steady flight speed
is the minimum speed at which the airplane is
controllable in the landing configuration at the most
forward center of gravity
Vx
62 KIAS
Vy
74
Va
105-109 Kias
Maneuvering Speed is the maximum speed at which
full or abrupt control movements may be used without
overstressing the airframe.
Vfe
110 Kias 10°
85 Kias 20°+
Maximum Flap Extended Speed is the highest
speed permissible with wing flaps in a prescribed
extended position
Vno
129 Kias
Maximum Structural Cruising Speed is the speed
that should not be exceeded except in smooth air,
then only with caution
Vg
68 Kias
Best glide
“Floor to Door”
Engine failure flow.
Fuel Selector - BOTH
Fuel Shutoff Valve - ON
Mixture - RICH
Throttle - 1” FWD
Aux Fuel Pump -
ON
Ignition Switch - BOTH
Passenger Brief (SAFETY)
Seat belts - Must be worn during taxi, takeoff, and landing. Please keep fastened at all times.
Air vents/Heat - Inform of location and operation. Each passenger should know to let you know if they are not feeling well.
Fire Extinguisher - Location and Operations (PASS - Pull, Aim, Squeeze, and Sweep)
Evacuation Plan - Door Location, Operation, and muster location
Traffic - Ask for help looking for traffic. Explain what you expect if they see an aircraft (explain clock references)
Your questions - Ask what their questions are for you.
Crew Briefing (AWARE)
Aircraft Status - Maintenance Status, Discrepancies, Fuel, etc.
Weather - Departure, Enroute, and Destination
Airman Responsibilities - PIC, FP, NFP, Autopilot, and Comms. Review two-challenge rule.
Route - IFR/VFR and Planned Route
ETE and Filed Alternate (if applicable)
Recency Requirements
61.57
Can’t carry pax unless within the preceding 90 days:
Accomplished 3 TO & L.
May be accomplished in sim or flight training device so long as it’s approved by the administrator and used IAW an approved course under part 142
Limitations as a private pilot
61.113
-Pro Rata share: may not pay less than; oil, fuel, airport costs, rental fee
-Sales: 200 hours PIC may demonstrate
-Charitable or non-profit event
-Rescue operations
-Incidents of business
-Towing a glider
When is an instrument rating required
PIC in IFR conditions
Carrying pax for hire on x country
Flight in class A airspace
Special VFR betwixt SS and SR
What do you need to have with you to fly
61.3
Pilot certificate
Photo ID
Medical Cert
Radio Operators Permit (outside US)
Change of Address
61.60
You have 30 days to update on IACRA.gov
Minimum fuel requirements
91.151
Fuel from departure to destination +
day: fuel for 30 min calculate at normal cruise speed/altitude
Night: 45 minutes normal cruise / altitude
IFG: 1 hour
Special flying permits
21.197
Flying to base where repairs, maintenance or storage will be performed
Delivering or exporting aircraft
Flight testing production aircraft
Evacuation of aircraft due to impending danger
Conducting customer demo flights in new aircraft that have completed flight tests
Preflight self assessment
IMSAFE
Illness
Medication
Stress
Alcohol
Fatigue
Emotion/eating
Preflight general
PAVE
Pilot
Aircraft
enVironment
External factors
Required Aircraft Maintenance
Annual 12 calendar months
VOR 30 days
100 hour
Altimeter 24 calendar months
Transponder 24 calendar months
ELT 12 calendar months, 1 hour of cumulative use or 1/2 battery
Static system 24 calendar months
Required Documents
ARROW
Airworthiness certificate
Registration
Operators manual
Weight and balance
Minimum required equipment for VFR flight
ATOMATO FLAMES
Anti collision lights
Tachometer
Oil temperature
Magnetic compass
Altimeter
Temperature gauge
Oil pressure
Fuel gauge
Landing gear indicator
Airspeed indicator
Manifold pressure
ELT
Seatbelts
Minimum required equipment VFR night
FLAPS
Fuses
Landing light
Anti-collision light
Position lights
Source of electricity
Operating with inoperative equipment
If it is required by:
Airworthiness directive
Regulations for type of flight ————isn’t permitted w/o special permit
VFR day certification requirements
Operational equipment list
If not required, flying is permitted so long as equipment is or :
Deactivated and placarded as inoperative
Pilot/mechanic deem it safe to fly
If the aircraft has a MEL refer to the guidance.
Required preflight planning info
NWKRAFT
Notams
Wx reports and forecast
Known ATC delays
Runway lengths
Alternatives
Fuel requirements
Takeoff and landing performance data
Mag compass errors
DVMONA
Deviation
Variation
Magnetic dip
Oscillation
North/South errors - UNOS undershoot north overshoot south
Acceleration errors - ANDS accelerate north decelerate south
Types of speeds
ICE TMG
Indicated
Calibrated
Equivalent
True
Mach number
Ground speed
Types of altitude
PAID T
Pressure
Absolute
Indicated
Density
True
Define Hypoxia and list the types.
A condition in which tissues are starved of oxygen
Hypoxic
Hypemic
Histotoxic
Stagnant
Hypoxic
Insufficient oxygen available to the body as a whole
Hypemic hypoxia
Blood is unable to transport oxygen through the body
Stagnant hypoxia
Oxygen rich blood in the lungs isn’t moving.
Histotoxic hypoxia
Cells can’t use the oxygen. Interruption from drugs or alcohol
Hyperventilation
Excessive rate of respiration
CO2 poisoning
Exhaust getting into the cabin. Feeling drowsy and nauseated.
Turn off the heat, ventilate, land asap
The Leans
Most common illusion
Caused by sudden return to level flight following prolonged turn
Pilot may lean in the direction of the original turn in a corrective attempt to regain the perception of correct posture
Coriolis illusion
Fluid in the ear moves at the speed of the canal due to a turn.
Illusion of turning or accelerating.
Pilot may maneuver the aircraft into a dangerous attitude.
Graveyard spiral
Prolonged coordinated turn. Fluid settles and pilot forgets they’re turning.
When the disoriented pilot recovers, they will experience a sensation of turning opposite. The pilot will correct and lose altitude in the process
Somatogravic illusion
A rapid acceleration such as experienced during takeoff creates the illusion of being in a nose up attitude.
Pilot may push aircraft nose into a low or diving attitude.
Inversion illusion
Abrupt change from climb to level flight creates illusion of tumbling backwards
Pilot may push Nose low. Intensifies illusion.
Elevator illusion
Abrupt vertical acceleration as can occur in an updraft can create the illusion of being in a climb.
Pilot may go nose low
False horizon
Attempting to align the aircraft with either a sloping cloud formation, obscured horizon or a dark scene spread with ground lights and stars.
Pilot may place aircraft in an unusual attitude.
Autokinesis
A stationary light may begin to move if stared at
Alcohol limits
Less than .04% and 8 hours pass between drinking and flying.
Class E cloud clearance about 10 MSL
5 SM
1000 above
1000 below
1 SM horizontal
Class G night up to 1200 AGL
3 SM
BCC
Class G more than 1200 but less than 10K MSL
Day: 1sm and BCC
Night : 3sm and BCC
Class G more than 1200 and 10K
5SM
1000
1000
1SM
Types of icing
Rime
Clear
Mixed
Frost
Icing intensities
Trace: perceptible, not hazardous in short duration
Light: clearly visible
Moderate: hazardous. De-ice and divert
Severe: diversion mandatory
Spin recovery
PARE
Power - idle
Ailerons - neutral
Rudder - full opposite
Elevator - pitch down
Stall / spin awareness
Over stretching glide path on final
Over turning base to final with rudder
Flaps or trim improperly set during take off
Take off over pitch (seat or cargo shift
Go around without pitch compensation
4 left turning tendencies
Torque
Spiral slipstream
Gyroscopic precession
P-factor
Primary flight controls
Ailerons
Elevator
Rudder
Secondary flight controls
Trim
Flaps
CRACK
Clearing turns
Reference (bug it)
Altitude and airspeed
Configuration (landing, clean, cruise)
Detonation
Spontaneous combustion of the end gas that remains in the chamber after normal combustion.
Knocking or pinging.
Comes from using shitty fuel.
Pre-ignition
Occurs when something other than the spark plug ignites the mixture.
A glowing hotspot can cause it.
Can be caused by running the engine too lean.
Torque (left turning tendency)
Propeller turns clockwise, the plane rotates around the long axis
On the ground, especially on the roll, rotation of the prop puts pressure on the left landing gear.
Gyroscopic precession (left turning tendency)
Mostly affects tail wheel planes
Force applied manifests 90° laters
Pushes nose to the left
Spiraling slipstream
People was from the propeller spirals around the plane in a cork screw pattern which hits then vertical stabilizer.
Causes yawing to the left
P factor
Prop creates lift like a wing. When increasing the AOA, like in a climb, the right side of the prop creates more lift causing a left yaw.
Definition of a stall
A rapid decrease in lift caused by separation of airflow from the wing brought on by exceeding the critical AOA.
Airmet WA
▷ An advisory of significant weather phenomena
at lower intensities than those which require
the issuance of SIGMETs. These conditions may
affect all aircraft but are potentially hazardous
to aircraft with limited capability.
▷ Valid for 6 hours.
Airmet T
describes moderate turbulence,
sustained surface winds of 30 knots or greater,
and/or non-convective low-level wind shear.
Airmet Z
describes moderate icing and
provides freezing level heights.
Airmet S
describes IFR conditions and/or
extensive mountain obscurations.
Sigmet WS
A non-scheduled inflight advisory with a
maximum forecast period of 4 hours. Advises of
non-convective weather potentially hazardous to all
types of aircraft. A SIGMET is issued when the
following is expected to occur:
▷ Severe icing not associated with
thunderstorms
▷ Severe or extreme turbulence or Clear Air
Turbulence (CAT) not associated with
thunderstorms.
▷ Dust storms, sandstorms lowering surface
visibility below 3 miles.
Convective Sigmet
An inflight advisory of convective weather
significant to the safety of all aircraft.
▷ Issued hourly at 55 minutes past the hour for the
western (W), eastern (E) and central (C) USA.
□ Not issued for Alaska or Hawaii.
▷ Valid for 2 hours.
▷ Contains either an observation and a forecast
or only a forecast.
▷ Issued for any of the following:
□ Severe thunderstorms due to:
◦ Surface winds greater or equal to 50 knots
◦ Hail at the surface greater than 3/4 inch in
diameter
□ Tornadoes
□ Embedded thunderstorms of any intensity
level
□ A line of thunderstorms at least 60 miles long
with thunderstorms affecting at least 40% of its
length.
Convective Sigmet
An inflight advisory of convective weather
significant to the safety of all aircraft.
▷ Issued hourly at 55 minutes past the hour for the
western (W), eastern (E) and central (C) USA.
□ Not issued for Alaska or Hawaii.
▷ Valid for 2 hours.
▷ Contains either an observation and a forecast
or only a forecast.
▷ Issued for any of the following:
□ Severe thunderstorms due to:
◦ Surface winds greater or equal to 50 knots
◦ Hail at the surface greater than 3/4 inch in
diameter
□ Tornadoes
□ Embedded thunderstorms of any intensity
level
□ A line of thunderstorms at least 60 miles long
with thunderstorms affecting at least 40% of its
length.
Describe the fuel injection system
Engine driven fuel pump
Fuel/air control unit
Fuel manifold valve
Discharge nozzles
Auxiliary fuel pump
Fuel pressure flow indicators
