PPE Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
The fact that we focus our consciousness on only a partial aspect of all that is in front of us is called __________.
A
selective attention
2
Q
__________ occurs when our brain interprets sensations and ascribes meaning to them.
A
Perception
3
Q
The fact that we see what we expect to see and not necessarily what is there is called __________.
A
selective perception
4
Q
Humans are adept at developing __________ to help us organize and understand our world.
A
paradigms
5
Q
The ability to create frames of reference __________.
A
is hardwired into our brain
6
Q
When we are unable to place something within a frame of reference, we are __________.
A
confused
7
Q
Scientific development is facilitated by __________.
A
paradigm shifts
8
Q
Paradigm shifts __________.
A
are typically met with resistance by the old guard
9
Q
Paradigm shifts in the field of psychology have __________.
A
typically happened gradually
10
Q
The emphasis on studying healthy aspects of human functioning, on effectiveness, and on mental health has been brought together under the heading of __________.
A
Positive Psychology
11
Q
Which of the following is an element in PERMA?
A
Accomplishment
12
Q
What interferes with our ability to shift the everyday paradigms in our daily life?
A
the old guard within us
13
Q
Blocks to Accomplishment
A
Low motivation
Poor time management skills
Failure to prioritize
Procrastination
14
Q
WOOP
A
Wish
Outcome
Obstacle
Plan
15
Q
The 8 Strategies for Successful Time Management
A
1 Focus first on high-priority items! 2 Group-related tasks and do them together! 3 Get organized! 4 Break it into doable chunks (chunking)! 5 Develop and use timetables! 6 Focus on one thing at a time! 7 Finish it fully! 8 Do it when you think of it!
16
Q
Six Steps to Overcoming Procrastination
A
Step 1 The Bits and Pieces Approach Step 2 Get Organized Step 3 The Five-Minute Method Step 4 Don't Wait for Inspiration Step 5 Reward Yourself Step 6 View Mistakes as Feedback
17
Q
Improving Memory Retention
A
Pay attention Learn the material well Organize the material Use rehearsal Minimize rote memorization Write it down Use memory aids Reduce interference and distractions Sleep on it Distribute learning sessions Exercise Test yourself Be aware of the influence of the environment
18
Q
Testwiseness
A
.Wise use of time during exams.
.Using strategies that minimize errors.
.Using deductive reasoning going from the general to the specific.
.Being able to recognize cues in the tests that point to the right answers.
19
Q
Stress Management
A
The ability to manage your stress.
Stress management is work - it’s just another thing to do.
Stress management takes time.
Stress management is about doing exercises.
Stress management is achieved through mechanical means.
20
Q
Testwiseness Steps
A
1 Clues in Earlier/Later Questions 2 Implausible/Improbable Answer Choices 3 Eliminating Equivalent Answers 4 Detailed and Specific Answers 5 Avoid Answers with Absolutes 6 Similarity in Terminology 7 Look out for Grammatical Inconsistencies 8 Avoid Picking the First or Last Answer When There are Numbers: 9 If all else fails, select Option C 10 Don't Be Afraid to Change your Answer
21
Q
Stress Mastery
A
The ability to achieve mastery over stress.
Stress mastery is a craft.
Stress mastery adds time to your life.
Stress mastery is about cultivating wisdom.
Stress mastery is achieved through increasing awareness
22
Q
Types of Stress
A
Pressure
Change
Frustration
Conflict
23
Q
GAS
A
Alarm
Resistance
Exhaustion
24
Q
Stress Hardiness The Three C’s
A
Control
Commitment
Challenge
25
Reframing involves __________.
significantly shifting how you look at things or view a problem
26
The process of reframing can be summarized by asking which question?
Is there another way of looking at this?
27
When you get locked into thinking about things in the most conventional or familiar way it is termed __________.
functional fixedness
28
The capacity of the brain to change its internal structure based on new experience is __________.
neuroplasticity
29
Sensation
The process of receiving stimuli from our surroundings
30
Perception
When our brain interprets electrochemical impulses and ascribes meaning to them
31
Bottom-up processing
The analysis begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information.
32
Example of Bottom-up Processing
Selective Attention
33
Selective Attention
When we focus our consciousness on only a particular aspect of what we are capable of experiencing.
34
Top-Down Processing
Information processing is guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations
35
Example of Top-Down Processing
Selective Perception
36
Selective Perception
The fact that we see what we expect to see and not necessarily what is there to see.
37
Distributed Processing
When we perceive something a whole network of neurons in our brain is activated, not just one single brain cell.
38
Predictive Coding
The process when your brain makes forecasts about what it is seeing and changes these predictions only when it makes an error
39
Ambiguous Figures
Images are capable of being perceived in more than one fashion depending on one's frame of reference.
40
Brain Reserve
An increase in the connections between neurons is believed to help the brain become more resistant to age-related or disease-related damages
41
Frame of Reference
Paradigms enable us to organize and understand our world, our perceptions, our experiences.
42
Functional Fixedness
Becoming locked into thinking about using objects only in the most conventional or familiar ways.
43
Hippocampus
A structure in the brain is integral to the process of memory and new learning.
44
Neuroplasticity
the capacity of the brain to change its internal structure by reorganizing neural pathways based on new experiences.
45
Neurons
a specialized cell that conducts impulses through the nervous system
46
Perception
occurs when our brain interprets sensations and ascribes meaning to them
47
Paradigm
A particular way of seeing things. Also referred to as a perspective, schema, or Frame.
48
Paradigm Shift
A change in the overriding theoretical framework that governs a scientific discipline; a sudden or gradual change in how one perceives a situation.
49
__________ involves receiving stimuli from our environment while __________ involves interpreting these stimuli and giving them meaning.
Sensation; perception
50
When the brain makes forecasts about what it is seeing and changes these predictions only when it makes an error, it is engaging in a process called __________.
predictive coding
51
It is estimated that as much as __________ of vision is imagination.
60%
52
Major scientific discoveries are usually preceded by a __________.
paradigm shift
53
Frames of reference __________.
help us understand and organize our world
54
Flexibility in thinking is a component of __________.
effectiveness and creativity
55
Positive psychology involves the study of __________.
mental and emotional health
56
Which of the following is an example of reframing?
seeing the humor in a difficult situation
57
Reframing involves __________.
shifting how you look at something
58
The brain is capable of growing new neurons in a process known as __________.
neurogenesis
59
Theories of personality and behavior fall somewhere on a continuum between __________ and __________.
determinism; free will
60
The __________ theory of personality claims that you are who you are because of your learning and reinforcement history.
Behaviorist
61
The __________ theory of personality claims that you are who you are because of your early upbringing.
Psychoanalytic
62
Students who take responsibility for their performance if they fail a test have a(n) __________
locus of control, while students who blame the teacher if they do poorly have a(n) __________ locus of control
internal; external
63
Proactivity is a characteristic typical of __________ individuals.
effective
64
In order to increase proactivity, you need to focus on your __________.
thoughts, language, and actions
65
The self-efficacy model is derived from which learning theory?
observational learning or modeling
66
If you want to enhance your personal level of self-efficacy, it would be useful to __________.
watch others who are successful and study how they behave
67
High levels of self-efficacy __________.
play a protective role in physical and psychological health
68
Irrational self-talk typically involves statements that __________ and statements that involve __________.
catastrophize; absolutes
69
A potent, healthy strategy for defusing irrational thoughts involves __________.
cognitive restructuring
70
Correlation __________.
does not necessarily equal causation
71
Defensive pessimists need to __________ and __________ in order to perform their best.
worry; plan
72
The belief that the future will most likely be better than the past or the present is referred to as __________.
the optimism bias
73
The Ehrenreich Error confuses __________ reality with __________ reality.
reflexive; non-reflexive
74
The combination of an internal locus of control and proactivity can produce a high level of __________.
self-efficacy
75
Deterministic theories hold that __________.
free will is an illusion
76
Spurious correlations are often perceived because we unconsciously use __________ to reinforce our preconceived beliefs or stereotypes.
selective attention
77
Optimism is an explanatory style which uses attributions that are __________.
external, temporary, and specific
78
A reliable relationship between variables is termed __________.
a correlation
79
The four traits manifested by happy people include: (1) extroversion; (2) healthy self-esteem; (3) an internal locus of control and (4) __________.
optimism
80
Luck is a function of __________.
optimism plus certain personality characteristics
81
The discrepancy between what you expect and what can actually happen is called __________.
a prediction error
82
From an evolutionary standpoint, humans are hardwired to be optimistic because __________.
it increases our odds of survival
83
Optimism and pessimism __________.
can co-exist within the same person
84
determinism
a belief in cause and effect relationships and by implication the absence of free will in human affairs
85
Free Will
The ability of humans to ignore so-called determining factors and freely choose how and when to act.
86
Behaviorism
A deterministic theory of personality that states that humans are a product of our conditioning, learning histories and, or current reinforcement schedules.
87
Catastrophizing
Giving oneself the message that a situation is too awful or overwhelming to bear or that the worst is about to happen.
88
Cognitive Behaviorism
The study of humans should not focus solely on overt behavior but must include our covert behavior, that is our thoughts and self-talk that precede our behavior.
89
Cognitive Restructuring
A powerful strategy for refuting irrational beliefs and changing your self-talk.
90
Concordance Rate
The probability that two individuals display the same trait or characteristic.
91
Correlation
A non-causal relationship between any two variables; the greater the degree of relationship the higher the correlation.
92
Defensive Pessimism
A strategy that anticipates a negative outcome and then takes steps to avoid that outcome.
93
Delusional Thinking
Believing in ideas that are not reality-based like those involving fear of persecution.
94
Dispositional Pessimism
A strategy of negative thinking in general, based on thought about the past, leading to negative expectations about the future.
95
External Locus of Control
An individual’s belief is that they are a victim, buffeted, and abused by external events over which they have no control.
96
Explanatory Style
A perspective one has in dealing with the world such as optimism or pessimism.
97
Global Citizen
An individual who places emphasis on individual choice, in a collective setting, for the greater good.
98
Hallucinations
Seeing, hearing, or feeling things that aren’t really there.
99
Humanists
Our personalities and our behavior are not so much a product of our conditioning and conditions but of our choices in response to them; developed by Maslow and Rogers.
100
Internal Locus of Control
An individual’s belief is that they are responsible for the ultimate outcome of their life; proactivity.
101
Locus of Control
The nature of how an individual perceives their ability to control their responses to life events; on a continuum from external to internal.
102
Optimism
The habit of perceiving and interpreting potential problems in a way that gives life meaning and a sense of control; looking for ways to be happy and satisfied with life.
103
Pessimism
The opposite of optimism; use attributions that are internal, stable, and global.
104
Proactivity
The ability to initiate and choose your responses to life events.
105
Psychoanalytic Theory
Sigmund Freud’s deterministic theory of personal formation is based on the first five to six-year of growth.
106
Psychotic Episode
Loss of contact with conventional reality marked by hallucinations and delusional thinking.
107
Schizophrenia
A severe disorder of thought and emotions where individuals have difficulty differentiating traditional reality from their own internal fantasies or fears.
108
Self-Efficacy
A perception of perceived competence.
109
Self-Talk
The running commentary that goes on in your head during the course of the day.
110
Spurious Correlation
The human tendency to perceive a correlation or relationship between things that really does not exist.
111
Your __________ refers to your paradigm about yourself whereas your __________ refers to the degree to which you regard yourself in a favorable or unfavorable light.
self-concept; self-esteem
112
Chronically low self-esteem leads to a(n) __________.
inferiority complex
113
Your self-esteem results from the discrepancy between __________.
your real self and your ideal self
114
Which type of parenting creates the most opportunities for the development of healthy self-esteem?
authoritative parenting
115
According to Carl Rogers, children develop positive self-esteem when parents show them __________.
unconditional positive regard
116
Which of the following statements applies to self-esteem?
Children can develop healthy self-esteem even if raised in dysfunctional environments.
117
To overcome the tyranny of the shoulds __________.
use cognitive restructuring to challenge these irrational expectations
118
One of the most important differences between individuals with healthy self-esteem and those with low self-esteem is __________.
in the nature and content of their self-talk
119
Which of the following facilitates the development of healthy self-esteem?
unconditional positive regard in your upbringing
120
Signature strengths refer to __________.
traits and behaviors that you can develop by exercising proactive choice
121
The positive psychology approach to enhancing your self-esteem involves __________.
developing and using your signature strengths
122
Which of the following applies to signature strengths?
Virtue overdone can turn into vice.
123
Self-esteem is __________.
a measure of how much you value yourself
124
According to Carl Rogers, your ideal self is __________.
the person you want to be
125
Regarding self-esteem, it is best to have __________.
multiple sources or contingencies of self-worth
126
One of the best ways to enhance your self-esteem is __________.
to develop self-compassion
127
The inner voice which evaluates and judges our actions and ourselves has been called __________.
the pathological critic
128
The most potent and effective self-esteem is that which is __________.
non-contingent
129
Mistakes are __________.
feedback - a valuable part of the learning process
130
Which of the following is useful for boosting your self-esteem?
using reframing techniques, especially regarding alternative ways of viewing mistakes
131
Healthy self-esteem is associated with __________.
being able to accept constructive criticism
132
Permissive-indifferent parents __________.
are uninvolved in their child's life
133
Attitude of gratitude
Involves noticing, appreciating, and being thankful for the people, events, and even the small benefits of your life.
134
Broaden and build
The theory which explains the wide ranging, beneficial effects of positive emotions. Because positive emotions let us know that we are safe,
135
Duchenne smile
A full face smile where not only does your mouth turn up, but the corners of your eyes crinkle, as well. That is you smile with your eyes as well as your mouth.
136
Duration neglect
The fact that the length of an experience influences how we interpret the positive or negative impact of experiences.
137
Eudemonia
A complex concept which refers to being true to your inner self and increasing happiness by identifying your own signature strengths and virtues and living your life in accordance with these.
138
Extraversion
The ability of an individual to be outgoing and comfortable around other people.
139
Flow
The stoppage of time that occurs when discovering and using your own strength and virtues and becoming totally absorbed in the process.
140
Forgiveness
The ability to let go of negative energy attached to bad memories without forgetting what happened or allowing yourself to again be abused.
141
Hedonic capacity
The ability of an individual to experience positive emotions is based on both genetics as well as environment and learning histories.
142
Hedonic treadmill
The pursuit of momentary pleasures.
143
Hedonism
The fact that we tend to inevitably adapt to fortunate circumstances and take these for granted.
144
Mindfulness
The ability to see the present moment as new, a practice of shifting perspective to see things in a fresh light.
145
Peak-end theory
Explains the fact that our recollections of pleasure are influenced by the intensity of the experience, as well as how it ended.
146
Positive affectivity
Another name for an individual’s hedonic capacity.
147
Progress paradox
Despite the fact that life has improved for most Americans in terms of standard of living and health, our self-reported happiness have not kept pace with the increase in health, wealth, and education.
148
Positive emotions
Being able to know what it is to be happy and to experience an enduring sense of well-being.
149
Savoring
The awareness of pleasure that comes from paying deliberate conscious attention to your experience of pleasure.
150
Undoing
Theory which purposes that positive emotions can literally function as an antidote to undo the psychological effects of negative emotions.
151
How you view any event or situation in your life is influenced by your
all of the above
152
Your expectations, preconceived notions, and beliefs influence
how you perceive any event in your life
153
A newer field in psychology, emphasizing the study of optimal functioning, effectiveness, and mental health is called
Positive Psychology
154
Paradigm shifts in science
are resisted by the old guard
often are sparked by fresh thinkers from outside the discipline
happen after anomalous results build to a critical mass
// all of the above
all of the above
155
```
If you want to facilitate creative problem-solving in yourself or in others, research suggests which of the following will be most helpful?
// laughter
```
laughter
156
Which of the following is not true about brain neuroplasticity?
As we age, our brain’s networks become fixed.
157
Which of the following psychological theories is not representative of Determinism, the belief that outside forces determine who we are?
Cognitive Behavioral theories
158
Proactivity can be best defined as the fact that
as humans, we are able to choose our response to life events
159
Which statement is true about students with an internal locus of control?
a. & b.
160
Irrational beliefs can be modified using
cognitive restructuring techniques
161
Self-efficacy is
learned through modeling or copying others
162
Humans have tendencies to sometimes perceive relationships between variables that really do not exist. In the psychology literature, this is referred to as
a. spurious correlation
163
The second step in cognitive restructuring is to
challenge the irrational belief
164
A pessimist has an explanatory style that views bad events as
internal, stable, and global
165
The most important aspect of optimistic thinking involves
challenging negative, irrational thoughts and substituting rational thoughts
166
In general, optimists
are healthier than pessimists
167
A strategy that anticipates negative outcomes and then takes preparatory steps to avoid those outcomes is termed
defensive pessimism
168
People with low self-esteem
all of the above
169
Which of the following is characteristic of the permissive-indulgent parenting style?
all of the above
170
The belief that you are surrounded by enemies and don’t deserve to be treated well was called the __________ by Harry Stack Sullivan.
malevolent attitude
171
Some children raised in highly dysfunctional homes manage to develop high self-esteem despite difficult circumstances. These children could be described as
resilient
172
The "tyranny of the shoulds" is
a subset of irrational beliefs
173
Cognitive distortions refer to our tendency
to look for verification to support our existing opinion of ourselves.
174
All decisions are made on the basis of __________ information, therefore __________ are inevitable.
insufficient; mistakes
175
There are seven signature strengths identified under the core virtue of transcendence. Which of the following belongs under that heading?
humor and playfulness
176
In order to organize and understand our world, we need
frames of reference
177
Your expectations, preconceived notions, and beliefs influence
all of the above
178
Humor can be an effective way to disrupt
functional fixedness
179
Neurons communicate with each other at the
synapse
180
Which of the following theories is not found on the deterministic end of the continuum?
cognitive-behavioral
181
To increase proactivity, it is recommended that you
a. & b.
182
According to your text, high levels of self-efficacy can best be described as
a perception of perceived competence
183
Spurious correlations are created by
b. & c.
184
The first step in cognitive restructuring is to
identify the irrational belief that is underlying your reaction
185
Throughout U.S. history, the most __________Presidential candidates typically win the general election.
optimistic
186
Which of the following is not a recommended strategy for enhancing optimism?
repeat positive affirmations to yourself
187
```
Being optimistic allows you to be more
proactive
confident
resistant to stress
All of the above
```
All of the above
188
For individuals who are anxious about outcomes in their future, it appears that it is more effective for them to engage in a strategy of
defensive pessimism
189
The roots of self-esteem
all of the above
190
The "malevolent attitude" as described by Harry Stack Sullivan refers to
b. & c.
191
The "tyranny of the shoulds" as described in your textbook is a reference to
the standards, which are often unrealistic, by which we measure ourselves
192
The tendency to look for verification to support your existing view of yourself is
cognitive distortion
193
The Positive Psychology panel identified six core virtues. Which of the following was not one of the six that were identified?
obedience
194
Success is primarily a function of __________.
character
195
__________ is an important aspect of flourishing as summarized by PERMA.
Accomplishment
196
Positive Psychology resurrected the study of __________ in psychology.
character
197
The most important signature strength for accomplishment is __________.
self-control
198
Achievement = __________ x __________.
Skill; Effort
199
The mechanics of achievement involve both __________ and __________
both of which are necessary but neither of which is sufficient.,motivation; volition
200
The various forms of MCII utilize __________ and __________ together in strategic combination.
indulgence; dwelling
201
Why do MCII or SWOOP work?
They help you set rules for yourself and activate the executive functions of your brain.
202
The full SWOOP strategy for enhancing motivation involves __________.
visualizing success, goals, and plans to overcome obstacles
203
Which of the following suggestions will help you manage your time wisely?
Break a large project into doable chunks to decrease feeling overwhelmed.
204
Information overload __________.
impedes decision making
205
Effective time managers __________.
schedule tasks to correspond to their personal body rhythms
206
Covey recommends ordering your work tasks based on __________ and __________.
urgency; importance
207
Covey's time management system involves organizing your schedule around __________.
your priorities
208
In order to maximize time spent in Q II activities, you must be __________.
proactive and assertive
209
The main cause of procrastination is __________.
low frustration tolerance
210
All of the following strategies are helpful for overcoming procrastination except __________.
Covey's Time Management Matrix
211
What will help you get started if you tend to procrastinate?
Use the five-minute method.
212
__________ refers to approaching test questions in a way that facilitates picking the right answer.
Testwiseness
213
When new learning inhibits previous learning, this is referred to as __________.
retroactive interference
214
Which of the following methods for studying and retention should you avoid?
rote memorization
215
Self-control involves the ability to __________.
defer gratification
216
GRIT = __________ + __________.
Passion; Perseverance
217
Never underestimate the value of __________ for achievement.
practice
218
__________ strategies are useful for enhancing motivation.
Visualization
219
Setting a limit on __________ facilitates decision making.
information overload
220
The Pareto Principle teaches that __________ of the benefit comes from doing __________ of the work.
80%; 20%
221
Quadrant II (Q II) activities are __________.
non-urgent but important
222
Quadrant IV (Q IV) activities are __________.
neither urgent nor important
223
Which of the following is recommended to facilitate studying and retention?
utilize the SQ4R
224
True mastery in an area typically requires __________.
at least 10,000 hours of practice
225
__________ is anything that requires an adaptive response on the part of an organism.
Stress
226
The Yerkes-Dodson law demonstrates that many tasks are best performed with __________ levels of arousal
moderate
227
Stress is __________.
an inescapable part of modern life
| anything that requires an adaptive response on your part
228
The Life Readjustment Scale is based on research showing __________.
the relationship between the frequency and severity of life changes and the likelihood of getting ill
229
Of those people with a score of over 300 on the Life Readjustment Scale
almost __________ got sick in the near future.,80%
230
According to the Life Readjustment Scale
__________ is the life event with the highest mean value of stress.,the death of a spouse
231
Stress hormones are known as __________.
glucocorticoids
232
Ulcers are an example of a __________.
psychophysiological disorder
233
Approximately __________ of all visits to doctors' offices are for stress-related disorders.
75-90%
234
The __________ is a survival mechanism present in humans and animals which prepares us to deal with physical danger.
fight or flight response
235
Your body returns to __________ or balance after you relax following the fight/flight response.
homeostasis
236
The fight/flight response is a result of hyperactivity in your __________.
autonomic nervous system
237
When people report feeling better after being given a sugar pill presented as a painkiller
this is __________.,a placebo effect
238
The mind-body connection __________.
is capable of helping us to heal
239
The placebo effect works because __________.
our beliefs activate regions in the brain that mimic the effects of actual treatments
240
Your immune system can learn to __________.
inhibit itself
241
__________ stress is even more damaging than physical stress.
Social
242
PNI research has demonstrated that __________.
people respond differently to the same stressful event depending on how they interpret the stressor
243
Prolonged stress __________.
negatively affects your physical, psychological, and occupational functioning
244
A new source of stress comes from __________.
the results of the 2016 presidential election
245
Which of the following is a sign of fight/flight arousal?
a release of adrenalin
246
The fight or flight response __________.
can lead to hyperventilation
247
The first stage of GAS, the alarm stage, is __________.
the fight/flight response
248
__________ is possible if there is no relief from the 3rd stage of GAS, the stage of exhaustion.
Death
249
A theory about alternative stress reactions posits that women will often respond with __________ and __________ behaviors rather than fight/flight reactions.
tend; befriend
250
The two branches of the autonomic nervous system are __________.
sympathetic and parasympathetic
251
When your body responds to stress as it would to an allergy, this is __________.
stress sensitization
252
__________ is the study of the relationship between stress, our immune system, and health outcomes.
Psychoneuroimmunology
253
Which of the following is one of the 7 key signature strengths essential for achievement?
optimism
254
Which of the following is not one of the eight recommended strategies for successful time management?
Spread your focus around so you get more done.
255
Be wary of the tendency to confuse effectiveness with
efficiency
256
Which of the following statements is true?
Essential activities and central concerns should comprise your high priority tasks.
257
Effective individuals
- tend to focus on only one important thing at a time
| - have a clear sense of where they are going in life and how they intend to get there
258
When a worker is overly influenced by the demands and expectations of others, he or she is likely to spend too much time engaged in __________ activities.
QIII
259
Yvette is having a hard time getting started on a book report that is due tomorrow. She knows that the whole task should not take more than one hour to complete, yet she keeps putting off beginning her work. What would you suggest she do in order to get started?
Use the five minute method
260
The ten-year rule
```
refers to the amount of time it takes to reach true mastery in a discipline
often amounts to 10,000 hours of practice
reflects the fact that genius is as much a function of hard work as talent
// all of the above
```
261
Which of the following statements is true?
```
Do not change your answer on a multiple-choice test. Always stick with your first impression.
Avoid sleeping after studying. Sleeping promotes forgetting.
Rote memorization is still the best method for memory retention
// None of the above
```
262
When proactive interference occurs
old learning interferes with new learning
263
Which of the following statements is false?
The rising incidence of divorce is not linked to stress.
264
Which of the following is not associated with high levels of stress?
lower levels of cholesterol
265
The fight/flight response
is an ancient survival mechanism
266
Which of the following statements about stress and gender is true?
Men and women respond differently to stress.
267
Illnesses that are triggered and exacerbated by stress are referred to as
psychophysiological disorders
268
PNI research has demonstrated that your immune system is capable of
learning by classical conditioning
269
The last stage of the GAS (General Adaptation Syndrome) is
the stage of exhaustion
270
The practice of laughter yoga in India involves
people gathering in groups and for 15 to 20 minutes pretending to laugh until they genuinely do so
271
Which of the following is a component of wellness?
financial competence
spirituality
good communication skills
// all of the above
272
All of the following are effective stress reducers except
watching TV
273
The stress hardiness attitude of commitment involves
believing that what you do is of value and importance.
274
Many people significantly increase their arousal/stress level on a daily basis by consuming
too many caffeinated beverages
275
Which of the following is not a recommended attitude for meditation practice?
striving
276
The low incidence of cardiovascular disease among the inhabitants of the small town of Roseta, Pennsylvania, a village filled with the descendants of Italian immigrants, has been linked to
social support
277
Research has revealed that the attitude you have at the beginning of a task
determines the outcome of the task more than any other single factor
278
URGENT
IMPORTANT
QUADRANT I
```
Important & Urgent Activities
Crises
Pressing Problems
Deadline-driven projects
Some meetings
Some preparation
Symptom Quadrant
```
279
NOT URGENT
IMPORTANT
QUADRANT II
```
Important but Not Urgent Activities
Working on Goals
Prevention activities
Relationship building
Recognizing new opportunities
Planning, recreation
Cure Quadrant
```
280
NOT IMPORTANT
URGENT
QUADRANT III
```
Urgent but Not Important Activities
Interruptions
Some calls, some mail
Proximate, pressing matters
Popular activities
Cause Quadrant
```
281
NOT URGENT
NOT IMPORTANT
QUADRANT IV
```
Not Urgent and Not Important Activities
Trivia, busy work
Some phone calls
Time wasters
Pleasant activities
Cause Quadrant
```
282
Positive Emotions
```
Joy
Gratitude
Amusement
Serenity
Hope
Pride
Interest
Inspiration
Awe
Love
```
283
```
//Positive Correlations with Happiness and Life Satisfaction
//No Correlation
```
```
Age
Gender
Education
Income level
Social class
Intelligence
Ethnicity
Physical attractiveness
Having children
```
284
```
//Positive Correlations with Happiness and Life Satisfaction
//Moderate Correlation
```
```
being married
number of friends
physical health
agreeableness
religiosity
level of leisure
internal locus of control
conscientiousness
open-mindedness
```
285
```
//Positive Correlations with Happiness and Life Satisfaction
//High Correlation
```
```
optimism
gratitude
being employed
good self-esteem
frequency of sexual intercourse
activity extraversion
happily married
many good friends
low neuroticism
```
286
THE V Tactor
```
Happiness = Setpoint + Circunstances + Voluntary Factor
H = S + C + V
```
287
Six Steps to Securing Your Goals
Step 1 State the goal in positive terms and in a way you can achieve it:
Step 2 Know how you will know that you have reached your goal:
Step 3 Describe your goals as specifically as you can:
Step 4 Are your goals compatible with each other?
Step 5 Assess what you have and what you will need to reach your goals:
Step 6 Make a plan:
288
Positive emotions __________.
have served the evolutionary purpose of signaling safety
289
The __________ and __________ theory explains the wide ranging beneficial effects of positive emotions on humankind.
broaden; build
290
Frederickson proposed an __________ component whereby positive emotions can function as an antidote to the physiological effects of negative emotions.
undoing
291
The definition of "authentic happiness" that is generally agreed upon by most people studying the concept is most similar to the concept of __________.
satisfaction
292
What tends to maximize the experience of authentic happiness?
feeling part of a community
293
Seligman distinguishes authentic happiness from __________.
hedonism
294
Riches and beauty do not lead to happiness in the long run because of the __________.
hedonic treadmill
295
Which of the following statements is applicable to your level of happiness?
The hedonic treadmill helps you recover from loss and disappointment.
296
Positive affectivity tends to be positively related to levels of __________ and negatively related to levels of __________.
extroversion; neuroticism
297
Improving happiness about your past involves cultivating an attitude of __________ and practicing __________.
gratitude; forgiveness
298
__________ are longer lasting than __________ because they are more resistant to habituation and allow us to utilize and build upon our strengths.
Gratifications; pleasures
299
__________ is most likely to occur when there is an optimal balance between a person's skills and the degree of challenge.
Flow
300
Well-being = __________+__________
happiness; meaning
301
What type of purchases are more likely to lead to long term happiness?
experiential purchases
302
Which of the following is more likely to decrease rather than increase your happiness level?
watching more TV
303
The Losada ratio of 2.9 : 1 of positive emotions to negative emotions predicts __________.
human flourishing
304
Which of the following has been reliably correlated with happiness?
having many good friends
305
The hedonic treadmill explains the fact that __________.
we tend to adapt to fortunate and unfortunate circumstances
306
Self-reported happiness levels have not kept pace with advances in health, wealth, and education. This phenomenon is termed the __________.
progress paradox
307
__________ and __________ are ways to maximize pleasure in the present.
Savoring; mindfulness
308
Living a(n) __________ life involves being happy and having a sense of meaning and purpose in your life.
eudemonic
309
Our brains evolved to have a(n) __________ where we are more sensitized to learn from unpleasant experiences. This occurs on an unconscious, emotional level referred to as __________.
negativity bias; implicit memory
310
Which of the following is likely to decrease your happiness level rather than boost it?
Passively peruse Facebook and compare yourself to others without interacting.
311
Which of the following statements applies to happiness?
Attitude change follows behavior change.
312
The harder we try to get rid of unpleasant feelings, the more we create and perpetuate them. This pursuit of happiness can become a counterproductive, vicious cycle exemplified by __________.
experiential avoidance
313
Research on “fake it ‘til you make it” provided experimental evidence that behaving as if you are happy
boosts mood and has a lasting effect
314
To foster happiness in the present moment, Seligman recommends that you put your primary focus on
maximizing your pleasures
315
Studies of lottery winners one year after their windfall typically find that
their happiness level has returned to whatever level it was at prior to the lottery win
316
Which of the following statements is true?
// Both a. & b..
Happiness is a contributing factor to positive life outcomes.
Positive life outcomes are a cause of happiness.
317
Seligman divides positive emotions into three temporal categories including
past, present and future
318
Positive emotions
// all of the above
help us achieve effectiveness
serve an evolutionary purpose
are related to longevity
319
The hedonic treadmill refers to
the tendency for humans to adapt to fortunate circumstances and take them for granted
320
Peterson defines four routes to happiness, which are as follows:
hedonism; eudaimonia; engagement; and victory
321
How you evaluate your past experiences reflects an average of the high and low points combined with your assessment of how it was just before it ended, according to
peak end theory
322
“Begin with the end in mind” refers to
visualizing your goals
323
Which of the following strategies is recommended for devising a plan to reach a long-term goal?
working backwards
324
The success of observational learning, even when done through a visualization process, can be partially explained by
the presence of mirror neurons in the brain
325
Which of the following statements regarding visualization is true?
Relaxation is very relevant to the visualization process.
326
If what you are doing is not working, you are advised by your textbook to
do something different
327
Which of the following statements is not true regarding representational systems?
The dominant representational system for each person is the visual system.
328
Your frames of reference are shaped by
your learning history
329
According to Thomas Kuhn, all major scientific discoveries are preceded by a
paradigm shift
330
Which of the following statements is true?
- All forms of humor are equally useful.
- Hostile humor that puts others down can have negative effects.
- Self-deprecating humor is to be avoided.
- none of the above
Hostile humor that puts others down can have negative effects.
331
An internal locus of control is basically the same as
proactivity
332
Vanessa is a freshman in college.
She failed the first exam she took and began to consider dropping out of school altogether because she believed that she was destined to fail everything.
This is an example of
irrational thinking
333
Your self-esteem
is a work in progress
334
Which of the following is characteristic of the authoritarian style of parenting?
restrictive, punitive style focusing on following rules
335
One way of combating the tyranny of the shoulds is to use
cognitive restructuring
336
Which of the following is not one of the core virtues endorsed by the Positive Psychology panel?
conformity
337
The Pillars of Positive Psychology do not include
the study of positive thinking
338
Expanded neuronal connections in the brain lead to __________
due to the ability of the brain to modify its internal structure based on new experience, which is referred to as __________.
brain reserve; neuroplasticity
339
Strict determinists believe that
- free will does not exist
- humans can and do freely ignore determining factors
- all human actions are caused by something, even if we are oblivious to these causative factors
a. & c.
340
Effectiveness is reduced when self talk is dominated by
irrational beliefs
341
Bandura explained that self-efficacy can be developed when individuals have opportunities to
- watch others succeed and copy them
- call upon memories of previous successes
- be reassured or persuaded by trusted other who are perceived to have special expertise
all of the above
342
Spurious correlations can be associated with
- racial prejudice or stereotyping
- selective perception
- statistical inaccuracies
a. & b.
343
An optimist has an explanatory style that views bad events as
external, variable and specific
344
Defensive pessimism is an effective coping mechanism for individuals who
are anxious and need to plan to reduce their anxiety level
345
Which of the following is characteristic of the permissive-indifferent parenting style?
lack of involvement in the child's life
346
There are seven signature strengths identified under the core virtue of transcendence. Which of the following does not belong under that heading?
leadership
347
MCII (Mental Contrasting with Implementation Intentions) involves
roman numerals
visualization and implementation plans
indulging and dwelling
b & c
348
Successful effective people minimize time spent in ________activities, saving that for mini breaks because whether urgent or not, they are not important tasks.
QI
QIII
QIV
b. & c.
349
Which of the following is not a recommended method for overcoming procrastination?
follow the Pareto principle
350
While taking a multiple choice test you are unsure of an answer but you select an option anyway.
Later on you doubt your first selection. Research indicates that
you should change your answer as it is a myth that your first choice is more likely to be correct
351
Your mind and body
are profoundly interconnected
352
Women will sometimes manifest an alternative reaction to the fight/flight response. This involves
tend and befriend behaviors
353
Stress related maladies such as migraine headaches and ulcers are referred to as
psychophysiological disorders
354
Studies have shown that laughter
decreases cortisol levels and improves the functioning of the immune system
355
Which of the following is not a component of wellness?
being independently wealthy
356
Which of the following statements is true?
Inactivity = relaxation.
assive relaxation restores homeostasis in the body.
Active relaxation is more effective for reducing stress than passive relaxation.
Active relaxation involves increasing the amount of time spent watching good movies on TV.
357
Stress hardiness is not associated with which of the following
low arousal when exposed to stressors
358
Massage has been shown to reduce
levels of the stress hormone cortisol
359
Meditation practice can be enhanced by focusing on
a mantra
your breathing
your thoughts
a. & b.
360
Aerobic exercise conditions your
cardiovascular system
361
Which of the following is not recommended for boosting your happiness?
strive for perfection
362
__________ produce more lasting happiness in the long run than__________ because they are more resistant to habituation and utilize our strengths.
gratifications; pleasures
363
According to research, which of the following is more reliably linked with higher levels of happiness?
spirituality—a sense of meaning and purpose in one's life
364
In general, in terms of our ability to estimate how long our future feelings will last
People tend to overestimate how long pleasurable feeling will last.
365
Which of the following summary statements best applies to the recommendations of the variety of experts cited in your textbook for boosting your level of positive emotions?
There is considerable overlap among them about what works.
366
Which of the following is a useful practice for goal setting?
stating and describing your goals in specific, positive terms
making sure your goals are compatible with each other
setting up benchmarks so you will know if you are making progress towards your goals
all of the above
367
Which of the following is not true about representational systems?
It is impossible to bridge from one sensory system to another.
