PPE Midterm Flashcards
The fact that we focus our consciousness on only a partial aspect of all that is in front of us is called __________.
selective attention
__________ occurs when our brain interprets sensations and ascribes meaning to them.
Perception
The fact that we see what we expect to see and not necessarily what is there is called __________.
selective perception
Humans are adept at developing __________ to help us organize and understand our world.
paradigms
The ability to create frames of reference __________.
is hardwired into our brain
When we are unable to place something within a frame of reference, we are __________.
confused
Scientific development is facilitated by __________.
paradigm shifts
Paradigm shifts __________.
are typically met with resistance by the old guard
Paradigm shifts in the field of psychology have __________.
typically happened gradually
The emphasis on studying healthy aspects of human functioning, on effectiveness, and on mental health has been brought together under the heading of __________.
Positive Psychology
Which of the following is an element in PERMA?
Accomplishment
What interferes with our ability to shift the everyday paradigms in our daily life?
the old guard within us
Blocks to Accomplishment
Low motivation
Poor time management skills
Failure to prioritize
Procrastination
WOOP
Wish
Outcome
Obstacle
Plan
The 8 Strategies for Successful Time Management
1 Focus first on high-priority items! 2 Group-related tasks and do them together! 3 Get organized! 4 Break it into doable chunks (chunking)! 5 Develop and use timetables! 6 Focus on one thing at a time! 7 Finish it fully! 8 Do it when you think of it!
Six Steps to Overcoming Procrastination
Step 1 The Bits and Pieces Approach Step 2 Get Organized Step 3 The Five-Minute Method Step 4 Don't Wait for Inspiration Step 5 Reward Yourself Step 6 View Mistakes as Feedback
Improving Memory Retention
Pay attention Learn the material well Organize the material Use rehearsal Minimize rote memorization Write it down Use memory aids Reduce interference and distractions Sleep on it Distribute learning sessions Exercise Test yourself Be aware of the influence of the environment
Testwiseness
.Wise use of time during exams.
.Using strategies that minimize errors.
.Using deductive reasoning going from the general to the specific.
.Being able to recognize cues in the tests that point to the right answers.
Stress Management
The ability to manage your stress.
Stress management is work - it’s just another thing to do.
Stress management takes time.
Stress management is about doing exercises.
Stress management is achieved through mechanical means.
Testwiseness Steps
1 Clues in Earlier/Later Questions 2 Implausible/Improbable Answer Choices 3 Eliminating Equivalent Answers 4 Detailed and Specific Answers 5 Avoid Answers with Absolutes 6 Similarity in Terminology 7 Look out for Grammatical Inconsistencies 8 Avoid Picking the First or Last Answer When There are Numbers: 9 If all else fails, select Option C 10 Don't Be Afraid to Change your Answer
Stress Mastery
The ability to achieve mastery over stress.
Stress mastery is a craft.
Stress mastery adds time to your life.
Stress mastery is about cultivating wisdom.
Stress mastery is achieved through increasing awareness
Types of Stress
Pressure
Change
Frustration
Conflict
GAS
Alarm
Resistance
Exhaustion
Stress Hardiness The Three C’s
Control
Commitment
Challenge
Reframing involves __________.
significantly shifting how you look at things or view a problem
The process of reframing can be summarized by asking which question?
Is there another way of looking at this?
When you get locked into thinking about things in the most conventional or familiar way it is termed __________.
functional fixedness
The capacity of the brain to change its internal structure based on new experience is __________.
neuroplasticity
Sensation
The process of receiving stimuli from our surroundings
Perception
When our brain interprets electrochemical impulses and ascribes meaning to them
Bottom-up processing
The analysis begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information.
Example of Bottom-up Processing
Selective Attention
Selective Attention
When we focus our consciousness on only a particular aspect of what we are capable of experiencing.
Top-Down Processing
Information processing is guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations
Example of Top-Down Processing
Selective Perception
Selective Perception
The fact that we see what we expect to see and not necessarily what is there to see.
Distributed Processing
When we perceive something a whole network of neurons in our brain is activated, not just one single brain cell.
Predictive Coding
The process when your brain makes forecasts about what it is seeing and changes these predictions only when it makes an error
Ambiguous Figures
Images are capable of being perceived in more than one fashion depending on one’s frame of reference.
Brain Reserve
An increase in the connections between neurons is believed to help the brain become more resistant to age-related or disease-related damages
Frame of Reference
Paradigms enable us to organize and understand our world, our perceptions, our experiences.
Functional Fixedness
Becoming locked into thinking about using objects only in the most conventional or familiar ways.
Hippocampus
A structure in the brain is integral to the process of memory and new learning.
Neuroplasticity
the capacity of the brain to change its internal structure by reorganizing neural pathways based on new experiences.
Neurons
a specialized cell that conducts impulses through the nervous system
Perception
occurs when our brain interprets sensations and ascribes meaning to them
Paradigm
A particular way of seeing things. Also referred to as a perspective, schema, or Frame.
Paradigm Shift
A change in the overriding theoretical framework that governs a scientific discipline; a sudden or gradual change in how one perceives a situation.
__________ involves receiving stimuli from our environment while __________ involves interpreting these stimuli and giving them meaning.
Sensation; perception
When the brain makes forecasts about what it is seeing and changes these predictions only when it makes an error, it is engaging in a process called __________.
predictive coding
It is estimated that as much as __________ of vision is imagination.
60%
Major scientific discoveries are usually preceded by a __________.
paradigm shift
Frames of reference __________.
help us understand and organize our world
Flexibility in thinking is a component of __________.
effectiveness and creativity
Positive psychology involves the study of __________.
mental and emotional health
Which of the following is an example of reframing?
seeing the humor in a difficult situation
Reframing involves __________.
shifting how you look at something
The brain is capable of growing new neurons in a process known as __________.
neurogenesis
Theories of personality and behavior fall somewhere on a continuum between __________ and __________.
determinism; free will
The __________ theory of personality claims that you are who you are because of your learning and reinforcement history.
Behaviorist
The __________ theory of personality claims that you are who you are because of your early upbringing.
Psychoanalytic
Students who take responsibility for their performance if they fail a test have a(n) __________
locus of control, while students who blame the teacher if they do poorly have a(n) __________ locus of control
internal; external
Proactivity is a characteristic typical of __________ individuals.
effective
In order to increase proactivity, you need to focus on your __________.
thoughts, language, and actions
The self-efficacy model is derived from which learning theory?
observational learning or modeling
If you want to enhance your personal level of self-efficacy, it would be useful to __________.
watch others who are successful and study how they behave
High levels of self-efficacy __________.
play a protective role in physical and psychological health
Irrational self-talk typically involves statements that __________ and statements that involve __________.
catastrophize; absolutes
A potent, healthy strategy for defusing irrational thoughts involves __________.
cognitive restructuring
Correlation __________.
does not necessarily equal causation
Defensive pessimists need to __________ and __________ in order to perform their best.
worry; plan
The belief that the future will most likely be better than the past or the present is referred to as __________.
the optimism bias
The Ehrenreich Error confuses __________ reality with __________ reality.
reflexive; non-reflexive
The combination of an internal locus of control and proactivity can produce a high level of __________.
self-efficacy
Deterministic theories hold that __________.
free will is an illusion
Spurious correlations are often perceived because we unconsciously use __________ to reinforce our preconceived beliefs or stereotypes.
selective attention
Optimism is an explanatory style which uses attributions that are __________.
external, temporary, and specific
A reliable relationship between variables is termed __________.
a correlation
The four traits manifested by happy people include: (1) extroversion; (2) healthy self-esteem; (3) an internal locus of control and (4) __________.
optimism
Luck is a function of __________.
optimism plus certain personality characteristics
The discrepancy between what you expect and what can actually happen is called __________.
a prediction error
From an evolutionary standpoint, humans are hardwired to be optimistic because __________.
it increases our odds of survival
Optimism and pessimism __________.
can co-exist within the same person
determinism
a belief in cause and effect relationships and by implication the absence of free will in human affairs
Free Will
The ability of humans to ignore so-called determining factors and freely choose how and when to act.
Behaviorism
A deterministic theory of personality that states that humans are a product of our conditioning, learning histories and, or current reinforcement schedules.
Catastrophizing
Giving oneself the message that a situation is too awful or overwhelming to bear or that the worst is about to happen.
Cognitive Behaviorism
The study of humans should not focus solely on overt behavior but must include our covert behavior, that is our thoughts and self-talk that precede our behavior.
Cognitive Restructuring
A powerful strategy for refuting irrational beliefs and changing your self-talk.
Concordance Rate
The probability that two individuals display the same trait or characteristic.
Correlation
A non-causal relationship between any two variables; the greater the degree of relationship the higher the correlation.
Defensive Pessimism
A strategy that anticipates a negative outcome and then takes steps to avoid that outcome.
Delusional Thinking
Believing in ideas that are not reality-based like those involving fear of persecution.
Dispositional Pessimism
A strategy of negative thinking in general, based on thought about the past, leading to negative expectations about the future.
External Locus of Control
An individual’s belief is that they are a victim, buffeted, and abused by external events over which they have no control.
Explanatory Style
A perspective one has in dealing with the world such as optimism or pessimism.
Global Citizen
An individual who places emphasis on individual choice, in a collective setting, for the greater good.
Hallucinations
Seeing, hearing, or feeling things that aren’t really there.
Humanists
Our personalities and our behavior are not so much a product of our conditioning and conditions but of our choices in response to them; developed by Maslow and Rogers.
Internal Locus of Control
An individual’s belief is that they are responsible for the ultimate outcome of their life; proactivity.
Locus of Control
The nature of how an individual perceives their ability to control their responses to life events; on a continuum from external to internal.
Optimism
The habit of perceiving and interpreting potential problems in a way that gives life meaning and a sense of control; looking for ways to be happy and satisfied with life.
Pessimism
The opposite of optimism; use attributions that are internal, stable, and global.
Proactivity
The ability to initiate and choose your responses to life events.
Psychoanalytic Theory
Sigmund Freud’s deterministic theory of personal formation is based on the first five to six-year of growth.
Psychotic Episode
Loss of contact with conventional reality marked by hallucinations and delusional thinking.
Schizophrenia
A severe disorder of thought and emotions where individuals have difficulty differentiating traditional reality from their own internal fantasies or fears.
Self-Efficacy
A perception of perceived competence.
Self-Talk
The running commentary that goes on in your head during the course of the day.
Spurious Correlation
The human tendency to perceive a correlation or relationship between things that really does not exist.
Your __________ refers to your paradigm about yourself whereas your __________ refers to the degree to which you regard yourself in a favorable or unfavorable light.
self-concept; self-esteem
Chronically low self-esteem leads to a(n) __________.
inferiority complex
Your self-esteem results from the discrepancy between __________.
your real self and your ideal self
Which type of parenting creates the most opportunities for the development of healthy self-esteem?
authoritative parenting
According to Carl Rogers, children develop positive self-esteem when parents show them __________.
unconditional positive regard
Which of the following statements applies to self-esteem?
Children can develop healthy self-esteem even if raised in dysfunctional environments.
To overcome the tyranny of the shoulds __________.
use cognitive restructuring to challenge these irrational expectations
One of the most important differences between individuals with healthy self-esteem and those with low self-esteem is __________.
in the nature and content of their self-talk
Which of the following facilitates the development of healthy self-esteem?
unconditional positive regard in your upbringing
Signature strengths refer to __________.
traits and behaviors that you can develop by exercising proactive choice
The positive psychology approach to enhancing your self-esteem involves __________.
developing and using your signature strengths
Which of the following applies to signature strengths?
Virtue overdone can turn into vice.
Self-esteem is __________.
a measure of how much you value yourself
According to Carl Rogers, your ideal self is __________.
the person you want to be
Regarding self-esteem, it is best to have __________.
multiple sources or contingencies of self-worth
One of the best ways to enhance your self-esteem is __________.
to develop self-compassion
The inner voice which evaluates and judges our actions and ourselves has been called __________.
the pathological critic
The most potent and effective self-esteem is that which is __________.
non-contingent
Mistakes are __________.
feedback - a valuable part of the learning process
Which of the following is useful for boosting your self-esteem?
using reframing techniques, especially regarding alternative ways of viewing mistakes
Healthy self-esteem is associated with __________.
being able to accept constructive criticism
Permissive-indifferent parents __________.
are uninvolved in their child’s life
Attitude of gratitude
Involves noticing, appreciating, and being thankful for the people, events, and even the small benefits of your life.
Broaden and build
The theory which explains the wide ranging, beneficial effects of positive emotions. Because positive emotions let us know that we are safe,
Duchenne smile
A full face smile where not only does your mouth turn up, but the corners of your eyes crinkle, as well. That is you smile with your eyes as well as your mouth.
Duration neglect
The fact that the length of an experience influences how we interpret the positive or negative impact of experiences.
Eudemonia
A complex concept which refers to being true to your inner self and increasing happiness by identifying your own signature strengths and virtues and living your life in accordance with these.
Extraversion
The ability of an individual to be outgoing and comfortable around other people.
Flow
The stoppage of time that occurs when discovering and using your own strength and virtues and becoming totally absorbed in the process.
Forgiveness
The ability to let go of negative energy attached to bad memories without forgetting what happened or allowing yourself to again be abused.
Hedonic capacity
The ability of an individual to experience positive emotions is based on both genetics as well as environment and learning histories.
Hedonic treadmill
The pursuit of momentary pleasures.
Hedonism
The fact that we tend to inevitably adapt to fortunate circumstances and take these for granted.
Mindfulness
The ability to see the present moment as new, a practice of shifting perspective to see things in a fresh light.
Peak-end theory
Explains the fact that our recollections of pleasure are influenced by the intensity of the experience, as well as how it ended.
Positive affectivity
Another name for an individual’s hedonic capacity.
