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PPA Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensory perception

A

Process of obtaining information or knowledge (about the environment and the body) from sensory stimulation and making it available for doing things.

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2
Q

Reflex behaviours

A

initiated and controlled with non-perceptual sensory processes. These are involuntary behaviours in response to proximal stimulation

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3
Q

Proximal stimulation

A

Physical energy or force that impinges on sensory receptors and evokes a change in their membrane potential.

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4
Q

Distal stimulus

A

An object or event in the environment that is a source or cause of proximal stimulation and/or its characteristics.

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5
Q

Perceptual activities

A

Info seeking
Info selection
Enabling
Info extraction

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6
Q

haptic perception, kinaesthetic touch

A

We actively change how we play with something in order to gather specific information that we want to know

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7
Q

perceptual illusion

A

a consistent and persistent discrepancy between a sensory percept and the distal stimulus such that the observer is deceived as to the nature of the distal stimulus. The discrepancy relates only to those (distal) stimulus properties which can be detected by the sensory systems and it occurs because of the normal processing of proximal stimulation.

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8
Q

Optical illusion

A

where the perceptual system accurately perceives a strange physical phenomenon of light.

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9
Q

Scotopic vision

A

the ability to see in very low light enabled by rods

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10
Q

Photopic vision

A

the ability to see in high light enabled by cones

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11
Q

Foveola

A

0.3 mm central and most sensitive part of the fovea that contains no rods and no s WL cones.

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12
Q

Fovea

A

1.5 mm centre of the macula (the darkest part) which is smaller than the blind spot contains no rods.

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13
Q

Parafovea

A

2.5 mm area just outside the fovea containing roughly equal rods and cones.

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14
Q

Clinical macula

A

fuzzy dark patch visible through an ophthalmoscope. It is defined histologically and is much larger.

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15
Q

Short WL cone

A

10% of total cones, absorbs ~3%. Most sensitive to ~440 nanometre light.

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16
Q

Medium WL cone

A

35% of total cones, absorbs ~20%. Most sensitive to ~550 nanometre light.

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17
Q

Long WL cone

A

55% of total cones, absorbs ~18%. Most senstivie to ~600 nanometre light.

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18
Q

Principal of univariance

A

the output from one cone is simple but the input of light is multidimensional, therefore one cone is not sufficient to measure light in the world.

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19
Q

Colour opponent theory

A

Red seems to cancel green and yellow cancels blue. Blue-yellow and red-green seem opposite each other.

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20
Q

Colour constancy

A

the perceived colour of a surface remains the same when the lighting conditions change.

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21
Q

Reflectance

A

the proportion of the incident light of a particular wavelength a surface reflects.

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22
Q

Spectral reflectance function

A

the proportion of the incident light of a particular wavelength a surface reflects.

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23
Q

Amount of light of a particular wavelength reflected from a surace =

A

the amount of light of that wavelength shone on the surface multiplied by the reflectance of that wavelength for that surface.

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24
Q

the spectral content of reflected light =

A

the spectral content of the illumination multiplied by the surface spectral reflectance

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25
Q

Synaesthesia

A

Mismatching of perceptual and sensory systems.

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26
Q

Monochromats

A

One in 1m. Cone monochromats and rod monocromats

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27
Q

Cone monochromats

A

no medium or long WL cones, only short WL cones and rods.

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28
Q

Rod monochromats

A

No cones only rods.

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29
Q

Dichromats

A

protanopia, deutranopia, and tritanopia

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30
Q

Protanopia

A

1-1.5% of males. No long WL cones

31
Q

Deuteranopia

A

1-1.5% of males. No medium WL cones

32
Q

Tritanopia

A

one in 10,000. No short WL cones.

33
Q

Anomalous trichromats

A

Anomalous protanopia, anomalous deuteranopia, and anomalous tritanopia.

34
Q

Anomalous protanopia

A

Lont WL cones are activated by medium WL.

35
Q

Anomalous deuteranopia

A

5% of males. Medium WL cones are activated by long WL

36
Q

Anomalous tritanopia

A

short WL cones have unusual sensitivity.

37
Q

Acquired achromatopsia

A

Cerebral achromatopsia, Thalamic achromatopsia, and dyschromatopsia.

38
Q

Cerebral achromatopsia

A

damage to V4 region impeding ability to process colour.

39
Q

Thalamic achromatopsia

A

damage to specific region of lateral geniculate nucleus resulting in colour processing difficulty.

40
Q

dyschromatopsia

A

Colours are still seen but substantially desaturated leading to colour matching deficiencies. This is more common than true acquired achromatopsia.

41
Q

Lightness constancy

A

the experience of looking at two instances of the same colour when they actually differ substantially in brightness, but we perceive one to be under a shadow and cancel out that effect. Coal always look black regardless of the illumination

42
Q

Twisted cords

A

The nervous system thinks that if all elements have tilted parts, the whole object must be tilted too.

43
Q

Apparent motion

A

the illusion that something is moving when really it is a set of still images.

44
Q

Subjective contours

A

If stimuli are acting as if there is a shape, the nervous system fills in the shape. So we see contours and edges to identify shapes which aren’t actually there.

45
Q

Depth perception

A

The ability to see in three dimensions.

46
Q

Depth cues

A 
sources of information about the distance of an object away from you. 
Occlusion (o)
Familiar size (m)
Relative size (m)
Relative height and foreshortening (m)
Linear perspective (m)
Aerial perspective (o)
Shadows (m)
47
Q

Monocular cues

A

cues that only rely on one eye (pictorial and non-pictorial cues).

48
Q

Proprioceptive afference

A

knowledge of where the eyes are in order to focus on objects gives cues as to its location and depth. An ophthalmic prism can manipulate the angle of the eye to fixate on an object which gives a different perception of depth.

49
Q

Size-distance invariance hypothesis

A

the size of something depends on one’s perception of how far away it is.

50
Q

Emmert’s law

A

an afterimage is perceived to be the size relative to the surface you see it against. If you see an after image on a surface far away, the afterimage will look large.

51
Q

apperceptive agnosia

A

Result of impaired perceptual input. There is a problem with the percept, cannot form a stable representation of an object, occurs after strokes, anoxia, or CO poisoning. Cannot draw an object.
edge grouping by collinearity, figure integration, and view normalisation

52
Q

Associative agnosia

A

Result of impaired semantic knowledge. Have a normal percept but no ability to attribute identity, unable to map percept onto stored knowledge. Draw something well but not name it.
stored structural descriptions or semantic knowledge

53
Q

Pinpointing agnosia

A 
Object analysis
Edge grouping by collinearity
Figure integration / figure-ground segregation
View normalisation
Stored structural description 
Semantic knowledge
54
Q

Object analysis

A

Looking at motion, colour, depth, and form of object

55
Q

Edge grouping by collinearity

A

perceiving and representing a shape/object mentally.
Copying pictures
Matching shapes/letters
Efron shape matching task
DF [35 yo, F, CO poisoning to posterior cerebral lesions] – failed the Efron task and couldn’t represent shapes, but she was able to process shapes for actions e.g. she couldn’t understand the orientation of a letter hole, but she could post a letter through it. She accurately moved her fingers to pick up objects but couldn’t draw them. There is subliminal motor-calibration but no access to this knowledge.

56
Q

Figure integration / figure-ground segregation

A

the ability to segregate vision into different objects appropriately.
Overlapping figures test

57
Q

View normalisation

A

understanding an object from different perspectives

unusual views test

58
Q

Stored structural description

A

the ability to match our percept of an object to our stored descriptions of similar objects.
Exemplar matching task.
Match real pictures to drawings
Size ordering
Object decision task
FRA [77yo, M, left hemispheric stroke in occipital lobe] – no apperceptive agnosia, fine vision, fine ability to verbally describe objects, their relative size, etc. But he could not match words to pictures, say what pictures were of larger/smaller objects, or pick out real from fictional objects. Strangely, he was better at object decision task when only using silhouettes, maybe less information helps?

59
Q

Semantic knowledge

A

ability to name the object rather than simply describe its function.
Semantic knowledge test
FRA [77yo, M, left hemispheric stroke in occipital lobe] – the ability to access semantic knowledge verbally but not visually suggests that the knowledge is still there but can only be accessed through other modalities.
HO [Herpes Simplex Encephalitis causing lesions of temporal lobe] – could match objects but couldn’t answer “what tool is used to chop wood?” so had semantic access agnosia. If semantic knowledge is damaged, then no modality will be able to access knowledge.

60
Q

Visual pathways

A

% of vision information passes from the retina down the primary geniculo-striate pathway to V1. But the brain can also use the retino-tectal pathway and the geniculo-extrastriate pathway to achieve vision

61
Q

Utilisation behaviours

A

Using tools or objects when there is no need. Completing an action schema

62
Q

Perseverations

A

the inability to stop an action and switch to a new action

63
Q

Planning tests

A 
Wisconsin card sorting task
Fluency test
alternate uses test
Stroop test
tower of london task
Heyling sentence completion test
Six element tests
Multiple errands test
64
Q

types of Apraxia

A 
Lib-kinetic
conceptual 
Ideational
verbal-motor disconnection
Tactile
Ideomotor

Constructional
dressing
Facial

65
Q

Limb-kinetic apraxia

A

problems in basic motor coordination and dexterity tasks e.g. picking up a paperclip.

66
Q

Conceptual apraxia

A

loss of knowledge of how to use objects. Patients use objects inappropriately.

67
Q

Ideational apraxia

A

struggle to complete activities which requires steps. They can say the steps of making a sandwich, for example, but will struggle to do it (miss out steps). Action disorganisation syndrome is a related disability which reflects difficulty completing tasks in order.

68
Q

Verbal-motor disconnection apraxia

A

failure to respond to verbal commands to do activities and make movements. This is arguably a speech processing problem.

69
Q

Tactile apraxia

A

struggle to use hands as a sense organ and seem to have difficulty with haptic feeling.

70
Q

Ideomotor apraxia

A 
struggle to pantomime, imitate, and actually use tools. Sometimes the object is enough of a cue to use the object correctly. Sometimes, they do the action automatically. 
Orientation errors
Spatial and temporal errors
Extra unnecessary movements
Body part use
Test of oral and limb apraxia
71
Q

TOLA

A

A test of apraxia with 20 gestures classified along two dimensions: tool use and limb involvement.
• Transitive tasks – gestures that involve a tool e.g. strike a match.
• Intransitive tasks – gestures that do not involve a tool e.g. wave goodbye.
• Distal tasks – involve only the hand e.g. strike a match.
• Proximal tasks – involve an upper limb e.g. wave goodbye.

72
Q

Alien Hand Syndrome

A

phenomenon where a hand seems to move with its own free will. AHS typically occurs after lesions of medial frontal lobe and corpus callosum.
MP – Suffered ruptured aneurysm which damaged the corpus callosum. He experienced tug of war between he two hands; one hand would do one action, and the left hand would do the opposite.
JC [stroke, damage to frontal area and corpus callosum] – developed AHS, unresponsive to voluntary commands.
Unresponsiveness
Uncontrolled actions
Intermanual conflict
Subjective reactions to hand

73
Q

Change blindness

A

we cannot see changes in our environment if there is a mask in the way; we only notice difference if everything else stays the same. We can also neglect gradual changes in environment.

Psychology (3 decks)

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