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Botany/Zoology > PP3 > Flashcards

PP3 Flashcards

1
Q

due to meiosis during sexual reproduction

A

genetic shuffling or genetic recombination-

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2
Q

cell division that involves reduction in chromosome number, from diploid to haploid so a parent only passes on ½ of his/her chromosomes to offspring

A

meiosis

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3
Q

During meiosis, homologous pairs of chromosomes line up & genes switch from 1 chromosome to another before fertilization occurs

A

crossing over

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4
Q

fusion of 2 haploid gametes (sperm, eggs) to make 1 diploid zygote, each offspring has ½ of his/her chromosomes from each parent so each offspring is from his/her siblings depending on which gametes form the zygote

A

fertilization

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5
Q

Discovered how genes work by studying genetics in pea plants by cross pollination (pollen from one plant to another) for desired traits= artificial selection

A

Gregor Mendel: 1857

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6
Q

1 trait is dominant & 1 trait is recessive & there are ONLY 3 genotypes & 2 phenotypes

A

Mendelian Genetics

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7
Q

given certain parental genotypes it provides representation of genotypes and phenotypes for offspring

A

punnett square

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8
Q

Since parents only pass on ____ their alleles for each gene they have to their offspring so as discovered by Mendel genetic variation automatically occurs since the offspring will not be identical to their parents or their siblings

A

half

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9
Q

“TT” “Tt” “tt”

A

genotype

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10
Q

physical expression ex tall, short

A

phenotype

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11
Q

used to explain the concepts from previous slide #6 …..Mendel discovered that 2 “alleles for a gene separate into gametes when they are made during meiosis, each gamete receives ONLY 1 of the 2 alleles”

Depending which alleles combine during fertilization, the phenotypes of the offspring are varied from the parents and from each other, so the phenotype output illustrates genetic shuffling/recombination

A

law of segregation

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12
Q

As discovered by Mendel, when examining 2 traits/genes, “the alleles from the 2 or more different genes separate from one another and segregate independently of one another when gametes are made” and during fertilization, AGAIN illustrating genetic shuffling/recombination of the offspring

A

Law of independent assortment

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13
Q

means that these inheritance patterns are different from what Mendel found where 1 trait is dominant & 1 is recessive

A

Non-Mendelian genetics

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14
Q

more than 2 alleles for a trait, allows for more than 3 genotypes & 2 phenotypes of offspring (not just 1 dominant and 1 recessive)

A

Multiple alleles

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15
Q

Human blood typing alleles-

A

I A, IB, io

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16
Q

2 of the multiple alleles from slide #9 are equally dominant and both are equally expressed when they are together in a genotype; Allows more than 3 genotypes and 2 phenotypes

A

Codominance

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17
Q

still 3 genotypes RR, Rr, and rr but
3 phenotypes- RR=dominant red, rr= recessive white, and Rr= intermediate (blended or mixed for heterozygous genotype) so pink

A

Incomplete dominance

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18
Q

alleles available for offspring in a gene pool can be different for different populations of a species in different locations around the world & can change with

A

migration

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19
Q

interbreeding members of a species

A

population

20
Q

all genes/alleles available in a population for a trait

A

gene pool

21
Q

alternative forms of a gene

A

alleles

22
Q

movement of individuals from one place to another, can change alleles available, due to gene flow between gene pools

A

migration

23
Q

% of an allele in a population

A

allele frequency

24
Q

Because of genes available in the gene pool, allele frequency can be different in different locations of the world and at different times, ______ can lead to gene flow between gene pools thus result in changes in allele frequency

A

migration

25
Q

discovered transposons in maize and won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1983 for the discovery

A

Barbara McClintock

26
Q

genes that can move from one area of a chromosome to another area of a chromosome, often within another gene, so that they inhibit the expression of those genes (interfere with the protein the gene codes for, thus changes the phenotype for that gene)

A

Transposons-

27
Q

makes up genes, genes are found on chromosomes,

and genes code for proteins (gene expression= the protein the gene codes for and the phenotype it causes

A

DNA

28
Q

makes mRNA during transcription of protein synthesis, mRNA pairs with tRNA’s during translation of protein synthesis in order to assemble amino acids into a polypeptide and later a protein

A

DNA

29
Q

COULD affect or change the mRNA or tRNA as well as amino acids they code for, thus could affect or change the protein produced, but sometimes it does NOT change anything, see why on the next slide

A

Mutations in DNA

30
Q

Sometimes multiple mRNA ______ for the same amino acid so sometimes mutations in codons of mRNA (or DNA before it) do not cause changes in amino acids coded for or proteins made

A

codons

31
Q

diploid body cells made from mitosis

A

somatic cells

32
Q

haploid sex cells made from meiosis

A

gametes

33
Q

COULD affect the proteins made by those genes, these mutations could be inherited if they affect many cells in the body due to how they are inherited, and can lead to evolution in a bad way

A

Mutations in genes in somatic cells

34
Q

gametes of animals pass on master control genes to offspring that control the development of their body parts in the embryo during development, they are found in stem cells, the same master control genes are found in many animals

All cells of embryo/fetus originate from 1 zygote stem cell that undergoes mitosis (cell division)

All cells begin as undifferentiated cells

Then, the stem cells begin to differentiate and develop specific functions (AKA specialize) due to DNA and genes that are turned on in each cell

Form skin cells, bone cells, brain cells, etc

A

evo devo

35
Q

specialized genes that control development of the same body parts in the different animals

A

Master control genes and Hox genes

36
Q

same genes found in many animals that control development of same structures/functions in all the animals that have it

A

Master control genes

37
Q

examples of master control genes

A

hox

38
Q

similar sequences of nucleotides in master control genes of different animals

A

Homeotic boxes (or homeoboxes)

39
Q

Same master control genes or Hox genes are found in different animals and they form the same body part in each animal, but the body parts are adapted differently for each animal
ex. all animals have appendages but in humans they are arms and legs, in insects they are legs and wings and the legs look differently in each

A

yeah

40
Q

Hox genes exist due to shared _______ ______ of animals during the Cambrian explosion when all animal species underwent divergent evolution, the same master control genes were inherited by all of them

A

common ancestory

41
Q

eye development

A

pax 6

42
Q

limb

development- antenna, legs, wings

A

distaless gene

43
Q

heart

development

A

tinman

44
Q

Mutations in ______ can be more serious than in somatic cells especially if they are in master control genes

A

gamates

45
Q

mutation in a (ex. distal less- dll) could be dangerous or deadly to offspring

A

‘master control gene’

46
Q

Mutations in gametes and master control genes are always _____ and thus can lead to evolution (in a good or bad way depending on the mutation and its effect)

A

inherited

Botany/Zoology (5 decks)

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