PP [prefinal most Came From This File] Flashcards
What are the health effects of desertification? [minimum 2 examples]
Desertification means water and food shortage
Malnutrition [Vit A deficiency]
Famine [Famine related death, attributed to infectious diseases]
Mortality from measles in undernourished populations
What are the six dimensions of quality according to Maxwell? [write at least 4]
Accessibility
Equity
Appropriateness
Effectiveness
Efficiency
Acceptability
What are the proved health benefits of physical activity?
Lower rate of breast cancer
Lower rate of colon cancer
Lower rate of depression
Lower rate of osteoporosis
[pp says all 4]
Lower rate of depression
Lower rate of osteoporosis
Lower rate of breast cancer [saw it in lecture slide]
How to use CAGE to screen for harmful alcohol drinking?
- Felt you should Cut down on your drinking?
- Annoyed by people criticising your drinking?
- Guilty about your drinking?
- Eye opening event aka drink first thing in the morning to calm nerves or rid of hangover?
Which of the following statements are correct?
- According to the worst climate scenario, emission of CO2 is expected to increase by 200-300% by end of 21st century
- The emission of CFCs is expected to increase by 200-300% by the end of 21st century
- Childhood exposure to solar radiation is not a risk factor for non melanotic skin cancer
- The risk of non melanotic skin cancer correlates with the cumulative lifetime exposure to solar radiation
According to worst climate scenario, emission of CO2 is expected to increase by 200-300% by end of 21st century
The risk of non melanotic skin cancer correlates with cumulative lifetime exposure to solar radiation
What factors determine the public health importance of mental disorders?
Under-diagnosed
Under-treated
RFs for Communicable/non-communicable diseases, Unintentional/Intentional injuries
Contributes to Stigmatisation, social exclusion, suffer from becoming victims of human rights abuse
What is the definition of indicators in healthcare?
Indicators are QUANTIFIABLE characteristics of a population which researchers use as supporting evidence for describing the health of that population
What is considered as a result from the Lalonde model?
Equal service provision
International resource generation
Emphasis of health determinants
Transparent financing of healthcare
Emphasis of health determinants
What is Medicare [USA]
Federal social insurance program for elderly and non-elderly individuals with disabilities
[consists of Hospital/hospice insurance, Medical insurance, Medicare advantage plans, Prescription drug plans]
What is the definition of quality in healthcare?
Degree to which health services increase the likelihood of desired health outcomes and are consistent with current professional knowledge
Which of the following statements are true for medication adherence as a predictor of disease outcome in United States?
A third of all prescriptions are never filled
About half of prescriptions that are filled are associated with incorrect administration
It is estimated that non adherence to prescribed medications cause nearly 5000 deaths per year
1,52 percent of hospital admission are linked to non adherence
A third of all prescriptions are never filled
About half of the prescriptions that are filled are associated with incorrect administration
[about 125,000 deaths per year according to from non adherence to prescribed medications; 10 percent of hospital admission are linked to non adherence]
Which of the following statements are true?
- Exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke is associated with increase risk of cancer and heart disease in adults
- Persons with mental illness are more likely to smoke
- Nicotine is the chemical that causes cancer in tobacco users
- 80% of tobacco users are in low and middle income countries
[pp says all 4]
Exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke is associated with increased risk of cancer and heart disease in adults [??]
Persons with mental illness are more likely to smoke
80% of tobacco users are in low and middle income countries
What type of mortality is increase by BMI of 28?
Cardiovascular Diseases
Decode ABCs of HIV/AIDS prevention
Abstinence from sexual activities and needle use [only 100% safe way to prevent HIV]
Best to have only one sexual partner
Condom use
List at least 5 genes found to be associated with risk of malignancies by indicating the type of cancer
BRCA1/BRCA2 - Breast Cancer
APC - Colorectal Cancer
RET - Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia
RBI - Retinoblastoma in childhood
p53 - 50% of all cancers and Bone Cancer
Which of the following statements are true?
- There is a strong negative correlation between life satisfaction and life expectancy
- Development can be assessed based upon the level of happiness
- As countries become richer, fertility rates fall and life expectancy rises
- Countries where more people live in poverty tend to have particularly bad health outcomes
Development can be assessed based upon the level of happiness
As countries become richer, fertility rates fall and life expectancy rises
Countries where more people live in poverty tend to have particularly bad health outcomes
[first option, POSITIVE correlation instead of negative]
Characterise the GLOBOCAN database
It is an interactive web-based platform presenting global cancer statistics to inform cancer control and research
Provides data visualisation to current incidence, mortality rates, predicts future cancer incidence and mortality rates, tools to visualise changing nature of caners, find underlying causes of cancers, comprehensive survival estimates for cancers and interactive stories of cancer facts
Anthrax vaccine is recommended for? [list at least 3]
- Certain laboratory workers who work on B.anthracis
- People who handle potentially infected animals or their carcasses
- Some emergency and other responders whose response activities might lead to exposure
What are major categories of health care interventions that area available for TB prevention?
TB preventive treatments
Prevention of transmission of M. Tuberculosis through infection prevention and control
Vaccination of children with BCG vaccine
Describe the targets regarding DASH diet
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension [DASH]. Lifelong approach to healthy eating that’s designed to help treat or prevent HTN. For non-medicated treatment and prevent development of HTN
What are the objectives of chronic respiratory disease prevention?
Reducing tobacco smoking in the whole population
Encouraging smoking cessation for patients
Control of ambient air pollutants
Prevention of occupational exposures
Index case?
The first recognised case in a definite outbreak is called an index case
An example of primary prevention is
- Fluoridation of water supply to prevent dental carries
- Measles immunisation
- Smoking cessation after heart attack
- Cervical cytology screening
Fluoridation of water supply to prevent dental carries
Measles immunisation
In double blind randomised control clinical trial
- there must be always placebo treatment
- established drugs need to be monitored for side effects
- nobody knows who is getting the active treatment
- patients should be blinded to the fact that they are in trial
There must be always placebo treatment
[option 2 - long term clinical monitoring of drug]
[option 3 - this is a triple blind study]
[option 4 - this is breaks code of ethics]
Which of the following are the components of a well specified research question?
PICO
Population, Intervention/Exposure, Comparison group(s), Outcome(s)
In any given screening test
- The high sensitivity means few false negatives
- The specificity is the truly positive subjects correctly classified by the test
- The low sensitivity means a spuriously high measure prevalence rate
- The higher the sensitivity the higher the specificity
The high sensitivity means few false negatives
Sensitivity = TP/(TP + FN)
Specificity = TN/(TN + FP)
PPV = TP/(TP + FP)
NPV = TN/(TN + FN)
What are the advantageous properties of the cohort studies?
- Can produce results with highest validity among observational studies
- Can investigate many disorders
- Recall bias for outcome assessment is the most important determinant for its validity
- Can investigate many exposures
Can investigate many disorders
If the Case Fatality Ratio [CFR] for a disease is 70% in a country, then the risk of death in the population
- Lower than in the global reference
- Higher than in the global reference
- Same as in the global reference
- Can be lower or higher than in the global reference
Can be lower or higher than in the global reference
[Need total mortality rates to know]
Which of the following statements is true for the statistical evaluation of an observational epidemiological investigation?
- multivariate statistical analyses are the only method by which the confounding effects can be controlled
- it is compulsory part of the epidemiological investigation
- it can evaluate the relationship between the studied model and the observations
- drawing practical conclusion from the observed results of an investigation
It is compulsory part of the epidemiological investigation
Drawing practical conclusions from the observed results of an investigation
Which of the following improvements of the epidemiological methodology were elaborated by John Graunt?
First known life tables
Urban-rural differences
Proposed national statistics and their comparison
Seasonal mortality variations
Higher infant morality rate among boys
Excess male births
Chronic diseases kill more people than acute [apart from plague]
Which factors make the observational epidemiological studies inevitable for well operating public health services?
- precise exposure assessment
- direct human relevance of the observational epidemiological findings
- high level precision achieved by statistical methods
- precise control for the confounding effects
[dont know]
Precise exposure assessment
Direct human relevance of the observational epidemiological findings
List the characteristic chemical pollutants of untreated municipal wastewater
Cl-, Sulphate ion, Phosphate ion
Pathogenic microorganisms
Endocrine disrupting agents
Natural and synthetic hormones
Metabolites of medications
List occupations where exposure to Cadmium can occur
Manufacture of paints, glass, ceramics, plastics
Manufacture of nickel-cadmium batteries, semiconductors, computer chips
Which of the following statements are correct?
- Increase in sperm counts is one of the supposed adverse effects of endocrine disrupting agents
- Endocrine disrupting agents show a weak androgenic activity
- Endocrine disrupting agents show a weak estrogenic activity
- There is no evidence for any adverse effect of endocrine disrupting agents in humans
Endocrine disrupting agents show a weak estrogenic activity
There is no evidence for any adverse effect of endocrine disrupting agents in humans
Why can occupational diseases be considered as ‘Iceberg’?
Occupational diseases are already diseases recognised to be related to work exposures in addition to other environmental exposures.
Many people can get affected but show no symptoms. Many symptoms that do show up don’t receive medical attention. People who do receive medical attention don’t end up diagnosed with occupational disease as no relationship gets established
What kind of frequency measure is mentioned in the sentence: In 5 years, 1354 [38%] patients with confirmed diagnosis of malignant melanoma will die
Period Prevalence
What are the characteristics of deterministic and stochastic dose-response relationships?
Deterministic:
- Threshold exists
- severity of health effect increases with dose
Stochastic:
- No threshold
- likelihood of health effect increases with dose
List the pre-narcotic effects of organic solvents
Headache
Nausea
Dizziness
Tachycardia
Parenthesis
Incoordination
Euphoria
Which of the following substances lead to pneumoconiosis by inhalation
Iron
Hardwood dust
Crystalline silica
Cotton
Crystalline silica
Hardwood dust [??]
What is asbestos lung disease?
Progressive fibrosis of lungs caused by inhalation of asbestos fibres [aka magnesium silicate mineral fibres]
Disease includes Lung fibrosis/Asbestosis, Benign pleural Fibrosis, Pleural plaques, Lung cancer, Mesothelioma
Which of the following pesticides cause the accumulation of acetylcholine at synaptic sites?
- Organophosphate pesticides
- Nmethylcarbamates
- Organochorine pesticides
- Phenoxyalkanes
Organophosphate Pesticides
N-methyl-carbamates
What is the main strategy to control Iodine deficiency diseases?
Dietary diversification
All of the above
Fortification
Supplementation
All of the above
Which of the following air pollutants plays a role in the development of lung cancer?
Nitrogen dioxide
Ozone
Sulphate particles
Fine particles
Fine particles [PM2,5]
List categories of workplace hazards
Physical [noise, vibration, radiation, light]
Chemical [metals, solvents, gases, plastics, particles]
Biological [bacteria, viruses, fungi, insects]
Mechanical [ergonomics and safety]
Psychological [stress, morale, motivation]
What are the dietary recommendations for the prevention of CVD?
- Consume less food with high cholesterol content
- Consume more wholegrains, nuts, legumes, fruits and vegetables
- Consume low fat diet [total fat intake less than 20 E%]
- Replace foods high in saturated fat with foods rich in unsaturated fat
Consume more wholegrains, nuts, legumes, fruits and vegetables
Replace food rich in saturated fat with foods rich in unsaturated fat
[cholesterol is not a nutrient on concern for overconsumption]
[Total fat intake recommendation has to be >20%]
Which of the following diseases can become more frequent due to deforestation and loss of biodiversity?
Malaria
West Nile fever
Measles
What were the most important achievements of the public health in the 20th century?
Vaccination
Motor-vehicle safety
Safer workplaces
Control of infectious diseases
Decline in deaths from coronary heart disease and stroke
Safer and healthier foods
Healthier mothers and babies
Family planning
Fluoridation of drinking water
Recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard
Which of the following risk factors of CVD did not become controlled in the last 50 years in the United States?
- Adults aged 20 to 74 years with HTN
- Percentage of calories in the diet from saturated fat
- Percentage of calories in the diet from fat
- Smoking
Percentage of calories in the diet from saturated fat
Percentage of calories in the diet from fat
Diarrhoea diseases are responsible for most food borne diseases in Europe. What are the main pathogens?
E.coli
Campylobacter
Noroviruses
Salmonella [non-typhoid]
PP says all of the above but actual test only has 3 correct answers
Pick Noroviruses, Campylobacter
What dietary or diet-related factors are associated with risk of breast cancer?
High consumption of alcohol
Diet high in salted and barbecued food
Diet high in animal fat [red meat]
High energy intake, low physical activity [obesity]
What dietary or diet-related factors are associated with risk of breast cancer?
High consumption of alcohol
Diet high in salted and barbecued food
Diet high in animal fat [red meat]
High energy intake, low physical activity [obesity]
