PP Flashcards
Explain the role of movement analysis as part of rehabilitation.
Movement analysis can be used as a diagnostic tool in rehabilitation, to quantify changes in performance and to provide feedback to the user.
Name three possible approaches to movement tracking, briefly explain their advantages and disadvantages
Systmes can be
CAMERA:
based (markers). High accuracy but often expensive. Limited field of vision for cameras.
MECHANICAL:
Based on the mechanical connection to obtain measurement. Can inhibit movement, field of measurement is limited. Simple and cheap.
INERTIAL MEASUREMENT UNITS:
Based on accelerometers units and gyroscopes. Acuracy can vary, Potentiall unlimited range of measurement.
Explain what a rehab robot is
Rehab robots are service robots which operate semi or fuly autonomously to perform services useful to the well being of disabled humans
Name and briefly describe three areas where rehab robots can be used
IDENTIFICATION & DIAGNOSTICS:
Robotic devices to measure and assess performance / disease
THERAPY ROBOTS:
Robot designed to provide therapeutic (improvement of function) benefit.
ASSISSTIVE ROBOTS
Device that can sense, process sensory information and perform actions that benefit people with disabilities and seniors.
ROBOTIC PROSTHETICS
Robotic device that can replace funtion
When applying FES. Name two approaches on how stimulation can be controlled to acount for variable skin-electrode contact. Which is used most commonly in modern stimulators and why
Current nd Voltage can be controlled. Current is controlled more commonly since it allows better control of charge delivered to the motor neurons.
Explain the differences between and provide one example of exogens and endogens Brain Computer Intergfaces (BCI)
Exogenous BCI require an external stimulus to create brain response which is used as a control signal which endogenous BCY rely in user initiated brain activity.
EXAMPLES of exogenous BCI are SSVEP, mVEP or P300 and examples of endogenous BCI are motor imagery based BCI and slow cortical potential BCO
which VEP BCI requires an external synchronisation signal? SSVEP (f-VEP) or t-VEP. and eplain the principle of VEP BCI where this is required.
t-VEP requires external synchronisation signal.
t-VEP is created when a person observes a moving object (opposite to SSVEP) produced when a person looks at a source of flickering light. For a BCI with several control signals each control signal will require one identical moving object on a computer screen. The problem is that each object will produce a similar brain response. Therefore in order to distinguish between them they have to be shifted in time, for some hundreds ms. By comparing the synchronisation signal timing with timing mVEP EEG response we can determine to which moving object the user was looking at.
Describe the factors influencing motor control
ACTUATORS: relatively slow, time varying (fatigue), different fibre types.
SENSORS: Muscle Spindle (velocity, position), golgi tendon organ (force), sensory integration.
NEURAL PROCESSING: Long delays (30ms)
Disease can affect muscles (weakness, change in fibre type), sensory, processing and neural function (e.g. spinal cord injury, brain damage, peripheral nerve injury)
Explain what is meant by “short latency reflexes”. Which components are involved and what is their role in movement control? Give two examples of reflexes, and discuss how they are affected in neurological disease such as spinal cord injury where supraspinal input is reduced or absent.
Short latency reflexes involve muscle/tendon receptors and the spinal cord. They are characterised by a very fast response (<100ms). Reflexes are important in motor control to provide an initial response to a stimulus
Two examples: withdrawal reflex and crossed extensor reflex.
Reflexes are normally modulated by supraspinal inputs. Absence of supra spinal inputs in neurological disorders (e.g. spinal cord injury) can lead to muscle spasticity which is often a major problem in neuromuscular rehabilitation
What are the three main muscle groups involved in breathing and what are their functions? Provide two examples how FES can be used to assist breathing. For each example, describe which of the muscle groups are involved and how FES is applied.
Diaphragm (main breathing muscle, inhalation); Chest muscles (supplementary muscles for inhalation, exhalation), Abdominal muscles (exhalation, cough) FES can be used for diaphragm pacing (phrenic nerve stimulation), usually with an implanted system FES can also be applied to the abdominal muscles using surface FES to enhance coughing and to assist ventilator weaning.
Name three motor deficits caused by problems with basal ganglia.
Parkinson disease; Huntington disease and hemibalism
Explain the symptoms of a deficit which is related to pathological changes in substantia nigra and provide an example of one treatment which involves the use
of technology.
Parkinson disease caused by decreased dopamine in substantia nigra pars compacta, involuntary tremulous motion, with lessened muscular power, senses
and intellect unaffected
Deep brain stimulator is used to alleviate symptoms of Parkinson disease
Following an injury to the sensory-motor cortex, a person can walk and can move their arms, but cannot produce fractioned movements of arms and hands.
Which motor pathways have been affected by the injury?
Lateral motor pathways, Pyramidal and Rubrospinal tracts have been affected. Pyramidal tracts originates in neocortex, and has major function in fine control
of distal muscles. Rubrospinal tract is older and somewhat redundant.
Explain what is meant by “use dependent plasticity” in able bodied people and provide one example
Use dependant plasticity: motion practice consisting of simple, repetitive motions can lead to a form of use-dependant plasticity. After a relatively short repetitive practice, the motor cortex encodes the kinematic details of the practiced movements.
rTMS simulation of motor cortex was applied several times to establish that it produces thumb adduction. Then the same person is asked to practice for a while, on the same day movement of thumb in the opposite direction, i..e
abduction. Following that rTMS was applied over the same location but instead of adduction it caused the abduction of the thumb. After several stimulus rTMS started producing adduction as initially. This shows that motor cortex can retaina short term memory trace of the most recently practiced movement.
