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Viro Second exam > Pox Virus 1 and 2 > Flashcards

Pox Virus 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Poxviridae family has two subfamilies which one are we interested in and which one doesn’t matter and why?

A

We are studying Chordopoxvirinae (poxviruses of vertebrates), because we don’t care about poxviruses of insects (Entomopoxvirinae)

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2
Q

Properties of Poxviruses

A

Large sometimes enveloped with complex structure (symmetry). Most are pleomorphic, typically brick-shaped. Possess an irregular surface of projecting tubular or globular structures.

On the other hand, members of the genus Parapoxvirus are ovoid, covered with long thread-like surface tubules which appear to be arranged in crisscross fashion, resembling a ball of yarn.

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3
Q

Orthopoxviruses

A

Appear brick shaped with irregular thread like projecting tubular or globular structures.

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4
Q

Parapoxvirus

A

OVAL with long threadlike criss crossing of yarnlife tubules.

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5
Q

IMV and EEV both are infectious what is the difference?

A

EEV contain 2 membranes : Envelope and Inner Membrane. Virions that are released from cells by budding, rather than by cellular disruption, acquire the extra envelope that contains virus encoded proteins from host cell membrane.

IMV only have an inner membrane and they come out by disruption of host cell and only have an inner membrane. Come out by lysis of the host cell.

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6
Q

Do pox confirm to icosahedral or helical symmetry?

A

NO it is COMPLEX.

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7
Q

What is on the virion outer layer and how many genes do they have?

A

Outer layer encloses dumbbell shaped core and two lateral bodies, the core contains viral DNA . Poxviruses have more than 200 genes, and as many as 100 of these encode proteins that are contained in virions.

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8
Q

What does the Genome look like for Pox?

A

Single molecule of linear ds DNA varying from 130 kbp (parapoxviruses) to 280 kbp (fowlpox virus up to 375 kbp (entomopoxvirus)

Crosslinks that join the two DNA strands at both ends.

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9
Q

Where does replication occur?

A

Cytoplasm. Poxviruses have the enzymes required for transcription and replication of viral genome. Pox viruses are released by budding or cell lysis. Enveloped virions are taken up by cells more readily and appear to be more important in the spread of virions through the body of the animal.

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10
Q

Antigenic Characteristics

A

All share group specific nucleoprotein NP exposed following alkaline digestion of the virus. Genetic recombination among the viruses within a genus results in extensive serological cross reactions and cross protections none between different genera. production of hemagglutinin by only ORTHOPOXVIRUSES

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11
Q

How stable are the enveloped pox viruses?

A

VERY, can withstand dessication and survive for long periods in scabs. Due to low lipid content they are less sensitive to organic solvents/disinfectants compared to other enveloped viruses. High resistance to drying. Can last YEARS in dried scabs or other virus laden material.

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12
Q

Transmission between animals

A

Skin: has to be broken or lacerated
Respiratory route: by aerosol route, inhalation of aerosol can result in infection as in sheeppox virus.
Mechanically transmitted by biting arthropods, myxoma virus and avipoxviruses

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13
Q

Pathogenesis and immunity

A

Highly Epitheliotropic, causing cutaneous skin lesions.
Occasionally, poxviruses causes systemic diseases in birds and wild animals, Many poxviruses are host specific, Orthopoxviruse infect a wide range of species.

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14
Q

Spread of Pox

A

Following intro into the body, pox gains access to the systemic circulation via the lymphatic system. A secondary viremia disseminates the virus back to the skin and to other target organs.

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15
Q

Skin lesions in Pox infection

A

Macule > Papule > Vesicle > Pustule > Scab > Scar
Rupture of pustule can predispose to secondary bacterial infection. Ulceration may develop. Poxvirus can survive in the dried scabs for many months or years.

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16
Q

Genus ORTHOPOXVIRUS

A

Cowpox
Distribution: Endemic only in Europe and Asia
Hosts: Cattle, wild and domestic cats, humans, zoo animals
Reservoir host: Rats

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17
Q

Cow pox in cattle, transmission and clinical findings

A

Cow to cow transmission in a herd through infected milker’s hands or teat cups. Infected farm cats can also transmit the disease, rodents serve as reservoir and can transmit the disease. economic importance: losses to farmers due to inconvenience in milking because of soreness of teats and mastitis from secondary infections. Clinical findings after an incubation period of 3-7 days cows may be febrile, papules appear on teats and udders, suckling calves can get lesions in the mouth. Vesicles may not be evident or may rupture readily leaving raw ulcerated areas that form scabs.

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18
Q

Cowpox in Cats: Transmission: Clinical Signs

A

usual route is through skin inoculation, through a bite or skin wound. Rodents are a common source. transmission by oral nasal route is also possible. In exotic felids cheetahs, viral pneumonia may be evident. Clinical signs, single primary skin lesion, usually on the head neck or a forelimb. Primary lesion can vary from a small, scabbed wound to a large abscess. Secondary lesion aprox 7-10 days after primary lesion, widespread secondary lesions appear. 2-4 days tehse develop into discrete circular ulacerated papules ~0.5-1 cm in diameter. ulcers soon become covered by scabs and healing is usually complete by ~ 6 wks. Many cats show no signs other than skin lesions but ~20% may develop mild coryza or conjunctivitis, complications from secondary bacterial infections.

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19
Q

Cowpox in Humans

A

Mainly caused by cuddling cats. Rarely from rodents and zoo animals. Virus is not commonly found in cattle so getting it from cow is very less. Clinical signs is macropapular lesions first observed on hands and face. Later develop into vesicular and then ulceration lesions. Enlarged painful local lymph nodes, patients may report fever, vomiting, and sore throat.

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20
Q

Other Orthopoxviruses Monkey pox

A

Viral zoonosis with symptoms in humasn similar to those seen in teh past in smallpox patients

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21
Q

Other orthopox In monkeys:

A

The disease is characterized by generalized skin eruptions, developing to papules on the trunk, face palms, and soles.

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22
Q

Transmission in humans

A

Primary infection results from direct contact withe blood, bodily fluids, or rashes of infected animals. In Africa human infections have been documented through the handling of infected monkeys, Gambian rats or squirrels
Secondary transmission is human to human with close contact with infected respiratory tract excretions with the skin lesions or with recently contaminated objects.

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23
Q

Distribution of monkeypox

A

remote villages in central and west Africa near tropical rain forests

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24
Q

Clinical signs in humans same as smallpox

A

Invasion period 0-5 days fever, intense headache, lymphadenopathy, muscle pain. Skin eruption period, evolution of the rash from maculo-papules lesions with a flat bases to vesicles small fluid filled blisters, pustules, followed by crusts.

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25
Q

OTHER ORTHOPOXVIRUSES

A 
Variola smallpox in humans 
Camelpox in camels 
Ectromelial virus mice and voles 
horsepox horses cattle, humans
rabbitpox rabbits 
vaccinia virus humans, cattle, buffalo, swine, rabbits
Uasin Gishu Disease Virus- Horses
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26
Q

GENUS PARAPOXVIRSES

A

Pseudopox (cattle humans)
Contagious Ecthyma/orf virus (sheep,goats, humans)
Bovine papular stomatitis virus (cattle, humans)

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27
Q

Pseudopox Definition

A

Viral skin disease that causes mild sores on the teats and udders of cattle, can infect humans (milkers nodule)

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28
Q

Transmission of pseudocowpox

A

Source of infection is the infected cow, contaminated milker hands, teat cups, biting insects, calves get infected during suckling teats, semen of bulls,

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29
Q

Pathogenesis Pseudocowpox

A

Lesions are hyperplasia of squamous epithelium
Infections are mild , up to 10 lesions in one teat. Morbidity reaches 100%, but can vary between 5-10 maybe 50%.

Acute lesions
Erythema > papules > Vesicle or pustule > Rupture > thick scab

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30
Q

Acute Lesions of Pseudocowpox (parapoxvirus)

A

THICK SCAB 0.5-25cm in diamerter, becoems elevated due to accumulation of granulation tissue. After 7-10 days the scab drops off leaving a horseshoe-shaped ring of small scabs surrounding a small wart like granuloma.

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31
Q

Chronic Lesions of Pseudocowpox

A

Commenses as Erythema, yellow-grey soft scurfy scabs which are rubbed off during milking. Skin is corrugated. No pain. lesions may persist for months.

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32
Q

Diagnosis of Pseudocowpox

A

Horseshoe-shaped ring like lesions are pathognomonic for the disease. isolation and detection of the virus by various diagnostic laboratory methods from vesicular fluid or from teat skin.

DDX? Cowpox virus, bovine herpesvirus ulcerative mammilitis, vesicular stomatitis, udder impetigo, teat chaps and frostbite, black spot.

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33
Q

Treatment of Pseudocowpox

A

Removal of scabs, Burn the scabs, application of an emollient ointment before milking, application of astringent preparation after milking.

34
Q

Prevention of Pseudopox

A

Disinfection, use iodophor teat dip, Isolation and treatment of infected cows, reduce teat trauma, injuries to skin of teat predisposes to infection.

35
Q

Pseudocowpox in human Milkers nodule

A

cause milk skin lesion, Milker’s nodule, lesions may vary from multiple vesicles to a single, indurated nodule.

36
Q

Contagious Ecthyma, ORF, Scabby mouth, Contagious Pustular dermatitis, sore mouth

A

Etiology: ORF Virus Parapoxvirus
Host: Sheep and goats lamb and kids primarily
High morbidity 100%, case fatality 5-15%. WORLDWIDE

37
Q

Transmission of Contagious Ecthyma, orf

A

Scabs that fall of from healing lesions, virus are stable in ENV. (Dry conditions). Contaminated instruments like docking or ear tagging plier can transmit the virus. Spread in a flock is very rapid, Virus infects healthy animals through DAMAGED SKIN. Oral lesions from nursing damns with teat lesions and vice versa.

38
Q

Pathogenesis of Contagious Ecthyma

A

Damage of skin is essential, skin reaction to viral infection consists of fa cellular response with necrosis and sloughing of the affected epidermis and underlying stratum papillare of the dermis. cutaneous response to infection includes a delayed type hypersensitivity reaction and an influx of inflammatory cells. the lesions evolve from macule > papule > vesicle > pustule > ulcer > scab formation
Immunity is solid, lasts 8 months

39
Q

Clinical Signs of Contagious Echtyma

A

First lesions develop in the mucocutaneous junction and are accompanied by swelling of the lips. From there lesions spread to muzzle and nostrils, surrounding hairy skin and buccal mucosa. Animal may find it difficult to take food because of oral lesions: anorexia and weight loss. Goats, raised crusted lesions around the commissure of the lips, proliferation lesion on lips and mouth.

40
Q

Clinical Signs of Contagious Ecthyma

A

Affected lambs or kids suckling ewes or goats may result in lesion on teats, can predispose to secondary bacterial infection resulting in mastitis. Severe cases show lesion in the genitals, coronets feet and ears. Lesion in feet may resulting lameness, lesion in scrotum may cause infertility.
- within 1-4 weeks scabs drop off and the underlying tissues heal without scarring, complications can occur and invasion of lesions by fly larvae. A malignant form of the disease has also been observed in sheep.

41
Q

Vaccination

A

Vaccine is prepared from suspension of scabs in glycerol saline and is painted onto a small are aof scarified skin inside the thigh where a localized lesion develops. Farms without ORF should NOT get vaccine. Vaccination only offers immunity for 1-2 years. Inspect the lamb 1 week after vaccination for local reactions which indicates the viability of the vaccine.

42
Q

Problem herds with ORF

A

SEVERE ORF Give vaccine to lamb 2-3 days old. Vaccinate pregnant ewes only 7-8 weeks before lambing,
problem flocks/herds the lamb kids may need to be vaccinated 6-8 weeks if ORf is a problem

43
Q

ORF in Humans

A

Frequent in humans handling sheep and goats in rural areas. Macro- papular lesions and large nodular lesions in finger, hand arm, face and even penis. duration is 4-9 weeks, healing occurs without scarring. Secondary bacterial infections of lesion may cause complications.

44
Q

Genus Capripoxvirus

A

Sheep Pox- systemic pox infection
Goat Pox-
Lump Skin Disease (of cattle) - Diseasesof only cattle not sheep or goats

45
Q

Capripoxvirus is endemic?

A

In Africa, Asia and parts of Europe

46
Q

Sheep pox SPV and Goat pox virus GPV are on different strains, separate viruses? True or False?

A

TRUE.
SPV and GPV cannot be distinguished from each other with serological techniques including viral neutralization. Closely related to lumpy skin disease virus in cattle (LSDV) but there is no evidence LSDV causes disease in sheep and goats.

47
Q

Transmission of GVP and SVP

A

Highly contagious, enters by respiratory tract and transmission is commonly aerosol route. Can occur with direct contact with iatrogenic materials that are contaminated. Spread can occur through mucous membrane or abraded skin, especially by direct contact. Virus is present in nasal and oral secretions for several weeks after infection. Can survive in dry scabs for months. Evidence for mechanic transmission by biting arthropods.

48
Q

Pathogenesis of Sheeppox

A

Systemic disease, Incubation period is followed by a leukocyte associated viremia. Thereafter, the virus localizes in the skin and other internal organs. Deposition of immune-complexes results severe necrotizing vasculitis develop in arterioles and postcapillary venules of the skin (type III hypersensitivity reaction). This results in ischemic necrosis of dermis and overlying epidermis.

49
Q

Sheeppox clinical signs

A

Two forms

Malignant and Benign

50
Q

Malignant form of Sheeppox

A

Seen in lambs and susceptive nonnative breeds eg. Merino. Incubation period 4-8 Days. Initial signs Marked depression and prostration, high fever, salivation, lacrimation, Edema of eyelids. serous nasal discharge that becomes mucopurulent. Later signs: 1-2 days after, pox lesions develop on the skin and on buccal, respiratory, digestive and urinary tract mucosae. In malignant form, pox lesions extend to pharynx, larynx, lungs, vagina, abomasum & spleen. Secondary pneumonia is common. Abortion is rare. Cutaneous nodules are distributed widely over the body, the nodules occasionally become vesicular, pustular and finally scab, lesions heal leaving a star shaped scar free of hair or wool. Mortality rate up to 50% case fatality in lambs 100%

51
Q

Benign form of sheeppox

A

more common in adults and resistant breeds. Only skin lesions occur. no or a very mild systemic reaction

52
Q

Is sheeppox reportable?

A

yasss

53
Q

Vaccination in Sheeppox which vaccine edicts a longer protection. Killed vaccine or Live attenuated vaccine?

A

Live attenuated vaccines offer excellent protection for over a year . Killed vaccines elect a temporary infection

54
Q

GOATPox where does it occur? Is it reportable?

A

Occurs Africa, asia and parts of europe, it is reportable

55
Q

GPV is similar to SPV, young kids suffer systemic disease with lesion on skin, repiratory and alimentary mucosae, milder form of diseases seen in adults. What has a high case fatality in europe?

A

A flat hemorrhagic form of capripox. Goat pox lesions showing necrotic areas on skin. Lesions in the perineum and scrotum

56
Q

Lumpy Skin Disease is a member of Capripox? True or False

A

True

57
Q

Distribution of LSD

A

Enzootic in sub Saharan Africa and middle east with recent incursion in Iraq

58
Q

Transmission LSD?

A

Arthropod vector most common. Also direct contact. All ages are susceptible. Clinical findings. Fever, multiple nodular lesions on skin and mucous membrane, lymphadenopathy. Morbidity reach 80% during epizootics. Control: live attenuated vaccines available. Slaughter of affected and in contact animals.

59
Q

Swine Pox member of Suipoxvirus?

A

Yes

60
Q

Distribution? Suipoxvirus?

A

Worldwide, sporadic disease

61
Q

Swine pox hosts is pigs, which have a high case fatality young or old pigs?

A

Benign with low mortality and low morbidity in older pigs, and High case fatality in congenitally infected and very young sucking piglets.

62
Q

Transmission of Swine pox?

A

Direct contact with broken skin. Virus can survive in scabs for years. MEchanical transmission by pig louse, haematopinus suis. These lice can carry the virus for weeks or months. Also mechanical transmission by flies and insects. Evidence for transplaccental infection of neonatal pigs

63
Q

Clinical signs of swinepox

A

Transient fever, typical pox lesions showing this pattern.
Erythematous macule > papule > vesicle >pustule > Ulcer > scab formation

Exudative epidermitis greasy pig disease and secondary bacterial dermatitis occasionally occur as a sequel to swine pox. Lesions may occur in upper respiratory and digestive tracts in congenitally infected pigs. Skin lesions may occur anywhere but most obvious on skin of abdomen and inner aspect of the thighs.

64
Q

Are there vaccines for Swinepox?

A

NOPE, lice control

65
Q

AVIPOXVIRUS GENUS

A

fowlpox and other avian poxviruses.

66
Q

Fowl pox first virus to be grown in embryonated eggs, Found worldwide and highly infectious for both poultry and turkeys. Name the routes of transmission.

A

Extremely resistant to desiccation, can survive in exfoliated scabs for long periods. Virus transmissted within a flock through minor wounds and abrasions in mouth, comb, wattles, or skin as a result of fighting pecking or other injuries. Mechanically transmitted by mosquitos, lice and ticks. Possibly by aerosol route

67
Q

Fowlpox CLinical Signs Name the 3 Forms

A

The cutaneous form
The diphteritic form (the wet form)
Ocular form

68
Q

Cutaneous form of Fowlpox is the most common true or false?

A

True. Low mortality, results from injecting by biting arthropods, or mechanical transmission to injured or lacerated skin. Small papules on comb, wattles, and around the beak. Lesions occasionally develop on legs, feet and around cloaca. Nodules become yellowish and progress to a thick scab. sharp fall in egg production in uncomplicated cases affected birds recover in 4 weeks.

69
Q

Diphtheritic form (Wet Form)

A

Probably caused by droplet infection. Involves infection of mucous membranes of mouth, pharynx, larynx and sometimes trachea. Lesions as they coalesce result in a necrotic pseudomembrane which may cause death by asphyxiation. Prognosis is poor.

70
Q

Ocular form

A

Conjunctivitis, Cheesy exudate accumulates under the eyelids.

71
Q

Turkeypox

A

You get cutaneous lesion on the head and neck.

72
Q

Canarypox

A

Cutaneous lesion

73
Q

Avipox in a sparrow and mourning dove

A

Cutaneous lesions

74
Q

Avipoxvirus get two types of inclusion bodies name them and be able to recognize them

A

Bollinger Bodies: Eosinophilic granular intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies. and Borrel bodies occur inside the bollinger bodies. Borrel bodies are minute spherical bodies obtained by tryptic digestion of bollinger bodies.

75
Q

Fowlpox control?

A

Modified live fowlpox or pigeon pox virus vaccines of chicken embryo or avian cell culture origin available commercially. USe only where disease is endemic. Vaccines are applied by scarification of skin of thigh. ONe vaccine can be administered in drinking water. In enzootic areas, vaccinate during the first few weeks of life and then again 8-12 weeks later. Recombinant fowlpox vectored vaccines have been developed. Control mosquito population

76
Q

Unclassified poxviruses

A

Ulcerative Dermatosis of sheep

77
Q

Ulcerative Dermatosis of sheep

A

infectious disease of sheep caused by a virus antigenically similar to the ecthyma virus. Transmission through the damaged skin or coitus. Clinical forms, usually ulcers with a raw crater that bleeds easily. Manifests in two clinical forms, Lip and leg ulceration and veneral form.

78
Q

Lip and Leg ulceration of ulcerative dermatosis of sheep

A

Formation of ulcers around the mouth, nose or on legs
Face lesions occur on upper lip between the border of the lip and the nasal orifice on the chin and on the nose.
Foot lesions are seen anywhere between the coronet and the carpus or tarsus.

79
Q

Venereal Form of Ulcerative dermatosis of sheep

A

Venereally transmitted ulceration of the prepuce and penis or vulva. Rarely, the ulcers may extend to the glans penis so that the ram becomes unfit for natural breeding. in ewes, edema, ulceration and scabbing of the vulva have less serious consequences. Balanoposthitis.

80
Q

Diagnosis of Poxvirus

A

Sampling material scraping from skin lesions, vesicular fluid, crusts, scabs. Electron microscopy characteristic morphology and size of poxvirus.

81
Q

Diagnosis of Poxvirus using histopathology would show?

A

Type B ro Guarnieri inclusion bodies. Most poxviruses induce the presence of Type B or guarnieri inclusion bodies. These are slightly basophilic and composed of viral particles and protein aggregates.
Type A or ATI inclusion bodies. Some poxviruses (cowpox and ectromelia virus) induce type A bodies. These are more strongly eosinophilic and Bollinger and borrel bodies in avipoxvirus infection.

82
Q

Can you inoculate parapoxvirus in embryonated eggs CAM ? Other diagnosis?

A

NOOO. Can use serological assays such as elisa, and detection of poxvirus nucleic acid by PCR is most sensitive

Viro Second exam (4 decks)

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