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RESEARCH METHODS (RM) 2 > POWERPOINTS > Flashcards

POWERPOINTS Flashcards

1
Q

pseudoscience

A

a collection of beliefs or practices mistakenly regarded as being based on scientific method.

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2
Q

natural science

A

biology, chemistry, physics, geology, and zoology (non-human)

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3
Q

social science

A

anthropology, psychology, political science, education, criminal justice, criminology, sociology. (human)

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4
Q

Nature of Social Science: TENTATIVE NATURE

A

The fact that we can never fully understand social reality.
Solving one question will lead to another question.
We don’t know how to answer the right question.

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5
Q

Nature of Social Science: out there to be discovered (2- common tags or labels)

A

Scientific evidence: knowledge; objectivity.

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6
Q

Nature of Social Science: personal experience, tradition, customs, authority, experts, media, common sense. WAHT IS THE ALTERNATIVE?

A

scientific evidence, NON- NATURE sources

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7
Q

when a program doesn’t work but is better than no intervention what is the effect?

A

moderation effect.

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8
Q

paradigm could be understood as accepted level of what?

A

ignorance

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9
Q

If research is done on the “causes of crime”, what type of research is this? PURE OR APPLIED?

A

pure research or basic research

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10
Q

If research is done on the “crime problem”, what type of research is this? PURE OR APPLIED

A

applied research

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11
Q

the term “for the sake of knowledge” referes to what thype of research? APPLIED OR PURE

A

pure or basic research

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12
Q

If I address a specific concern or a solution to a problem what type of research is this? PURE OR APPLIED

A

applied research

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13
Q

ASC American Society of Criminology is applied or pure research organization? BASIC OR APPLIED

A

pure research

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14
Q

Academic of Criminal Justice Services (ACJS) is pure or applied? BASIC OR APPLIED

A

applied research

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15
Q

To examine a little understood the crime or issue is what type of research?
EXPLANATORY, DESCRIPTIVE, EXPLORATORY, OR EVALUATIONAL

A

Exploratory research

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16
Q

To paint a picture to answer the questions such as who when where or how is characteristic of what type of research?
EXPLANATORY, DESCRIPTIVE, EXPLORATORY OR EVALUATIONAL

A

Descriptive research

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17
Q

To explain why events occur and to build, elaborate, or test a theory it, is what type of research?
EXPLANATORY, DESCRIPTIVE, EXPLORATORY OR EVALUATIONAL

A

Explanatory research

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18
Q

Does particular crime control policy work? Is what type of research question? EXPLANATORY, DESCRIPTIVE, EXPLORATORY OR EVALUATIONAL

A

Evaluational research

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19
Q

Exploratory research

A

To examine a little understood crime or issue

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20
Q

Descriptive research

A

To paint a picture to answer the questions such as who, when, where, or how.

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21
Q

Explanatory research

A

To explain why events occur and to build, elaborate, or test that theory.

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22
Q

Evaluational research

A

Does a particular crime control policy work?

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23
Q

LECTURE 2
PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS

Are qualitative and quantitative two types of RESEARCH OR METHODOLOGY? yes or no

A

YES; research

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24
Q

Name two types of reasoning.

A

Inductive and deductive reasoning

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25
Q

Name three approaches to scientific research

A

positivist; interpretive, and critical

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26
Q

how many building blocks in research?

A

5

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27
Q

name the five blocks

A

ontology; epistemology; methodology; methods, sources

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28
Q

name two postivist.

A

Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim

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29
Q 
objective reality
objectivism
absolute social truths
causality
verification of human experience.

Are these QUANTATIVE OR QAULITATIVE methodology?

A

QUANTITATIVE

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30
Q

data that is collected via measurement, sample or experiment is QUALITATIVE OR QUANTITATIVE?

A

QUANTATIVE

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31
Q

Name an INTERPRETIVE scientist.

A

Max Webber

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32
Q

subjective reality
Verstehen
social world differs from person to person
subject matter immersion

Are these QUANTITIVE OR QUALITATIVE methods?

A

QUALITATIVE

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33
Q

When the gathering of data is done via OBSERVATION AND INTERVIEW it is what type of methodology?

A

QUALITATIVE IS UNDER THE ISS (INTERPRETIVE SOCIAL SCIENCE)

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34
Q

When the gathering of data is done via MEASUREMENT, SAMPLE AND EXPERIMENT it is what type of methodology?

A

QUANTITATIVE IS UNDER THE PSS (POSITIVIST SOCIAL SCIENCE)

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35
Q

which social science is:

objective and subjective
Illusion
Source of inequality, injustice and oppression
Purpose is to break the illusion
Reinterpreted evidence
Uses critical theoretical framework

POSITIVIST, INPERPRETIVE OR CRITICAL ?

A

CRITICAL SOCIAL SCIENCE

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36
Q 
standardized measures
exact measures
statistical testing
large samples
theory testing
THESE ARE ALL CHARACTERISTICS OF?
A

QUANTITATIVE

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37
Q 
a researcher is an instrument
experiences
exacting stories
exacting themes
small samples
small saturations
hypothesis generating
theory generating
THESE  ARE ALL CHARACTERISTICS OF?
A

QUALITATIVE

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38
Q

What are the two styles of “reasoning?”

A

INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE

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39
Q

Are the four stations of each (inductive and deductive) identical? yes or no

A

no

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40
Q

which of the four stations of inductive and deductive reasoning are the same?

A

Theory (1) and Hypothesis (2)

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41
Q

which of the four stations of inductive and deductive reasoning are different?

A

Inductive: pattern (3) and observation (4)
deductive: observation (3) confirmation (4)

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42
Q

generalizations to specific observations
positivist social science
quantative methodology

IS WHAT TYPE OF THINKING OR REASONING?

A

DEDUCTIVE

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43
Q

specific observations to generalizations
interpretive social science
qualitative methodology

IS WHAT TYPE OF REASONING OR THINKING?

A

INDUCTIVE

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44
Q

A strict positivist is which methodology?

A

QUANTITATIVE

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45
Q

A strict constructivist is which methodology?

A

QUALITATIVE

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46
Q

A mixed methodology is called?

A

TRIANGULATION

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47
Q

To decide which methodology and reasoning to use it is all done on assumptions. TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

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48
Q

Is there a limitation on which one and how much to use?

yes or no

A

NO

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49
Q

speculations
definite knowledge
unascertainable
IS EITHER SCIENCE OR THEOLOGY?

A

THEOLOGY

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50
Q

appeals to human reason
definite knowledge
scientific perspective
IS EITHER SCIENCE OR THEOLOGY

A

SCIENCE

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51
Q

How many stages make up the criminal justice research?

A

7

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52
Q

What are the first four stages?

A

Formation of research question
Preparation of research design
Measurement
Sampling

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53
Q

Last three stages?

A

Data collection
Data processing
Data analysis and interpretation

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54
Q

what is the golden standard of research

A

RCT randomized control trials - designed to eliminate bias. Normally done with control groups (placebo groups).

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55
Q

Causality standard is the same as Explanation research. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

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56
Q

experimental
evolutional
causality
RCT or golden standard

ARE ALL KEYWORDS FOR WHAT TYPE OF RESEARCH?

A

APPLIED RESEARCH

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57
Q

correlational research
survey research
explanatory/exploratory

ARE ALL KEYWORDS FOR WHAT TYPE OF RESEARCH?

A

PURE RESEARCH

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58
Q

Give two examples of an APPLIED research INDEPENDENT variable.

A

CRIME CONTROL POLICIES

EVALUATING POLICIES

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59
Q

Give two examples of PURE research

INDEPENDENT variables.

A

PRESUMED CAUSES OF CRIME

THEORY TESTING

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60
Q

What three things make a good research question?

A

Feasibility
Social importance
Scientific relevance

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61
Q

Feasibility

A

Doable with reasonable resources and time.

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62
Q

Social importance

A

Important for public or crime control policy.

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63
Q

Scientific relevance

A

Resolve a puzzling issue in criminological theory. Anomalies!

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64
Q

In the black swan example, what is the premise of Positivist Social Science Approach?

A

All swans are white

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65
Q

Is the black swan example an analogy to the problem of inductive reasoning? yes or no

A

yes

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66
Q

scientific research is limited to its data; therefore, unless all known relevant data is collected which may be impossible there will always be some level of error. Here then is where the black swan problem is the reality of life rather than the exception.

A

by Lazaro (2019)

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67
Q

Must a research question be falsifiable? yes or no

A

yes

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68
Q

Should falsifiable evidence be found? yes or no

A

yes

69
Q

Does good theory survive multiple attacks of falsification?yes or no

A

yes

70
Q

A good theory needs a statement that makes it falsifiable. TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

71
Q

Is a hypothesis a statement? Yes or no

A

Yes

72
Q

Is a hypothesis considered a relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable? TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

73
Q

Presumed cause of crime
Particular policy/
Are examples are examples of which variable?

A

Independent variable

74
Q

How many IV and DV per hypothesis?

A

only one!

75
Q

objective measurement

A

Objective performance measures are independent of the observer. That means the measurement is done using something other than the person observing.

76
Q

This independent measure can include: a stop-watch, measuring tape or record of goals. The objectivity of the performance measure is increased through measures such as: time, checklists, or established criteria.

THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF WHAT TYPE OF MEASURE?

A

OBJECTIVE MEASURE.

77
Q

SUBJECTIVE MEASUREMENT

A

subjective performance measures are dependent on the observer and based on opinions, feelings, and general impressions.

78
Q

Subjective measures rely more on the observer than independent measures. Sports such as dance and gymnastics are more subjective than objective in their measures.

THESE ARE EXAMPLES OF WHAT TYPE OF MEASURE?

A

SUBJECTIVE MEASURE

79
Q

SOCIAL REALITY: is there a social reality? Yes or no

A

Yes

80
Q

SOCIAL REALITY: abstract concepts. True or false

A

true

81
Q

SOCIAL REALITY: verified by direct human experience. TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

82
Q

SOCIAL REALITY: involves instrument, observation, measurement tools. True or False

A

True

83
Q

SOCIAL REALITY: converts abstract concepts to concrete numbers. True or False

A

true

84
Q

THE PROCESS OF MEASUREMENT: Conceptualization means?

A

Clear Label and,

Clear Definition

85
Q

THE PROCESS OF MEASUREMENT: Operationalization means?

A

Measureable and

Testable

86
Q

THE PROCESS OF MEASUREMENT:
tool
method
instrument

Is part of Operationalization or Conceptualization?

A

Operationalization

87
Q

THE PROCESS OF MEASUREMENT:

Links the Abstract Concepts and the Empirical World

Which measurement process is this?

A

Operationalization

88
Q

CONCEPTUALIZATION PROCESS - STEP 1:

The process of formulating and clarifying concepts/constructs is to?

A

Clearly Define

89
Q

CONCEPTUALIZATION PROCESS- STEP 2
REFINEMENT:
Is distinguishing the construct from similar constructs part of the refinement process? yes or no

A

yes

90
Q

CONCEPTUALIZATION PROCESS- STEP 2
REFINEMENT:
Selecting the unit analysis; either micro or macro level.

Is this part of the refinement process? yes or no

A

yes

91
Q

CONCEPTUALIZATION PROCESS- STEP 2
REFINEMENT:
Separating two extremes of the construct is part of the refinement process. TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

92
Q

CONCEPTUALIZATION PROCESS- STEP 2
REFINEMENT:
Should I be think-pair-share? yes or no

A

yes

93
Q

CONCEPTUALIZATION PROCESS- STEP 2
REFINEMENT:
Should I think Self-efficacy? yes or no

A

yes

94
Q

HOW TO CONCEPTUALIZE A DV.

Is done in three steps - which one’s are they?

A
  • Define
  • Compare with other similar but different constructs
  • Identify the Unit Analysis of the DV
95
Q

HOW TO CONCEPTUALIZE A DV.

Is done in three steps - which one’s are they?

A
  • Define
  • Compare with other similar but different constructs
  • Identify the Unit Analysis of the DV
96
Q

CONCEPTUALIZATION OF CONTROL VARIABLES:

How many control variables (CV)?

A

2

97
Q 
CONCEPTUALIZATION OF CONTROL VARIABLES:
ID or pick two  CV
Define each CV
A justification for inclusion in research
ID the "Unit Analysis" of the CV

THESE ARE ALL FOUR STEPS. TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

98
Q

OPERATIONALIZATION PROCESS:

It is an INSTRUMENT/TOOL/INDICATOR. true or false?

A

true

99
Q

OPERATIONALIZATION PROCESS:
a linkage exists between:

The language of Theory and Concepts
and
The language of Empirical World
TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

100
Q

OPERATIONALIZATION PROCESS:

A definition generated in the Conceptualization process is which one:

                Languange of Empirical World
                                      or
                Language of Theory and Concepts
A

Language of Theory and Concepts

101
Q

OPERATIONALIZATION PROCESS:

What is the language of the Empirical world?

A

Numerical Values and Numbers

102
Q

THE NATURE OF ABSTRACT CONCEPTS:

Are abstract concepts invisible? yes or no

A

yes, unless!

103
Q

THE NATURE OF ABSTRACT CONCEPTS:
Could measurement be done through observation?
yes or no

A

yes

104
Q

MEASUREMENT

A

the process by which we describe and ascribe meaning to the key facts, concepts, or other phenomena that we are investigating.

105
Q

THE NATURE ABSTRACT CONCEPTS

Indirect measurement of the conceptualized constructs (invisible?) yes or no

A

unknown

106
Q

MORALITY CONCEPTUALIZED – AN EXAMPLE:

A- Conceptualize definition:

 1- Ability to judge what is right or wrong.
B-Ask People hypothetical scenarios of right and wrong and moral or immoral behaviors.
     1- killing a cat
     2-killing a person
     3-cheating on exams
     4-making fun of people

Is this a PowerPoint example of how to conceptualize morality? YES or NO

A

YES

107
Q

MORALITY CONCEPTUALIZED – AN EXAMPLE:

A- Conceptualize definition:

 1- Ability to judge what is right or wrong.
B-Ask People hypothetical scenarios of right and wrong and moral or immoral behaviors.
     1- killing a cat
     2-killing a person
     3-cheating on exams
     4-making fun of people

Is this a PowerPoint example of how to conceptualize morality? YES or NO

A

YES

108
Q

4 Levels of Measurement:

Name the two discrete/categorical variables.

A

nominal variables

ordinal variables

109
Q

4 Levels of Measurement:

Nominal and ordinal is what type of variables?

A
  • discrete variables

- categorical variables

110
Q

Which 2 variables are “CONTINUOUS VARIABLES?”

A
  • interval variables

- ratio variables

111
Q

FOUR LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT (CHARACTERISTICS) are the following:

  • different precision & specificity
  • operational definition (limited by conceptualization)
  • measurement error

TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

112
Q 
WHO classified variables into four levels?
nominal
ordinal
interval scale
ratio scale
A

Stevens (1946)

113
Q

NOMINAL VARIABLES
Are these all characteristics of Nominal Variables:

-unordered limited categories
-unordered finite categories
-there is a difference between categories
-two or more categories
-there is no ranking
(which is higher or lower)

true or false

A

true

114
Q

Is CODING a type of Operationalization? yes or no

A

yes

115
Q

is the following a good example of coding?
1= democrat
2=republican
3=other

yes or no

A

yes

116
Q

DICHOTOMOUS

A

A dichotomous variable is one that takes on one of only two possible values when observed or measured.

The value is most often a representation for a measured variable (e.g., age: under 65/65 and over) or

an attribute (e.g., gender: male/female).

117
Q

another name for binary variable?

A

dichotomous variable

118
Q

could binary be nominal and ordinal levels of measurement? yes or no

A

yes

119
Q

JUSTICE OUTCOMES: CRIMES

OPERATIONALIZATION

A

is the process of strictly defining variables into measurable factors. The process defines fuzzy concepts and allows them to be measured, empirically and quantitatively.

120
Q

Empirical Research

A

Empirical research is based on observed and measured phenomena and derives knowledge from actual experience rather than from theory or belief. … Description of the process used to study this population or phenomena, including selection criteria, controls, and testing instruments (such as surveys)

121
Q

Operationalization of crime:

Give nominal example:

A 
0= no crime
1= violent crime
2=property crime
3=mutiple crimes
4=other types of crime
122
Q

Operationalization of crime:

Give a dichotomous or binary example.

A

1=yes

2=no

123
Q

Are the following 4 characteristics of Ordinal Variables? YES OR NO

  • ordered limited/finite categories
  • difference between categories
  • assigned ranking (or sequence)
  • relative comparison (similarities) across ranking (categories).
A

YES

124
Q

what determines if a binary survey design is nominal or ordinal?

A

The nature of the variable.

125
Q

Could there be binary and nominal variables with exclusive categories? yes or no

A

yes

EXMAPLE: think of good and bad posture BINARY, AND ITS EXCLUSIVE benefits (EXCLUSIVE CATEGORIES).

126
Q

Could there be binary and nominal variables with exclusive categories? yes or no

A

yes

EXMAPLE: think of good and bad posture BINARY, AND ITS EXCLUSIVE benefits (EXCLUSIVE CATEGORIES).

127
Q

CATEGORICAL MEASUREMENT:

are they collectively exhaustive? yes or no

A

yes

128
Q

what is collectively exhaustive

A

Exhaustive means that there must be enough categories that all the observations will fall into some category. Mutually exclusive means that the categories must be distinct enough that no observations will fall into more than one category. This is the most basic level of measurement; it is essentially labeling.

129
Q

mutually or collective?

A

means that the categories must be distinct enough that no observations will fall into more than one category; Labeling or Measurement

130
Q

exhaustive

A

means that there must be enough categories that all the observations will fall into some category. NO OBSERVATION LEFT BEHIND WITH A CATEGORY.

131
Q

CATEGORICAL MEASURE:

are they mutually exclusive? yes or no

A

yes

132
Q

Stevens (1946) defined the levels of measurement or levels of data - what are they?

A

nominal: can the data be ordered? nominal/ ordinal
ordinal: are differences meaningfu? ordinal/interval
interval: does zero correspond to none of the value? ordinal/ratio
ratio:

133
Q

QUANTITATIVE
variables

could be classified as which two?

A

Quantitative variables can be classified as discrete or continuous variables.

134
Q

A CATEGORICAL variable. . .contains. . .a . . . f. . .n . . . o. . .c

A

Contains a finite number of categories or distinct groups.

Categorical data might not have a logical order.

For example, categorical predictors include gender, material type, and payment method

135
Q

A DISCRETE variable. . . are. . .num. . . v. . . that. . . h. . .a. . .c. . n. . . of . . .val. . b. . . a. . . t . . . values.

A

Discrete variables are “numeric” variables that have a countable number of values between any two values. A discrete variable is always “numeric.”

For example, the number of customer complaints or the number of flaws or defects.

136
Q

CONTINUOUS VARIABLE

A

Continuous variables are “numeric” variables that have an infinite number of values between any two values. A continuous variable can be numeric or date/time. For example, the length of a part or the date and time a payment is received.

137
Q

LIMITATION TO CATEGORICAL /DISCRETE VARIABLE - EXAMPLE. (perceptions of daily crime)

A

0= no crime
1= 1-10 crimes
2=more than 10 crimes.

138
Q

CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT:

Which two levels of measurement are considered continuous?

A

interval

ration

139
Q

CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT:

Which two measurements are more accurate and precise than nominal and ordinal?

A

interval

ration

140
Q

CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT:

Do interval and ratio have a continuous and infinite number of values that flow along a continuum? yes or no

A

yes

141
Q

CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT:

values that could be further divided into many smaller increments is characteristic of which type of measurements?

A

interval

ration

142
Q

RATIO VARIABLES:

are the differences between categories infinite? yes or no?

A

yes

143
Q

RATIO VARIABLES:
with assigned rankings (which value is higher or lower)
TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

144
Q

RATIO VARIABLES:

a characteristic is that they have equal distance or “intervals” between numbers. TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

145
Q

RATIO VARIABLES:

ratios have an absolute? difference. A specific amount of difference.

TRUE OR FALSE

A

true

146
Q

RATIO VARIABLES:

negative values are impossible. TRUE OR FALSE

A

true

147
Q

RATIO VARIABLES:

zero (0) point is non-arbitrary. TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

148
Q

RATIO VARIABLES:
zero means absent.
TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

149
Q

RATIO VARIABLES:

means 0 is not an additional measurement. TRUE or FALSE

A

TRUE

150
Q

NATURE OF THE CONCEPT (RATIO)

which three are they? N; Z; Z

A

No negative value for speed;
Zero (0) is non-arbitrary
Zero means absent

151
Q

INTERVAL VARIABLE:

difference between categories are “infinite.” TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

152
Q

INTERVAL VARIABLE:

assigned ranking. TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

153
Q

INTERVAL VARIABLE:

Equal distance between in “numerical” form (absolute difference [specified the amount of difference] TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

154
Q 
INTERVAL VARIABLE:
negative values are possble
zero (0) is arbitrary
zero does not mean absent
zero is an additional measurement.   TRUE OR FALSE
A

TRUE

155
Q

TEMPERATURE IS AN INTERVAL MEASUREMENT.

TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

156
Q

INTERVAL VARIABLE:

SEA LEVEL RISE BETWEEN YEARS; WHERE RISE 8-INCHES IS SPECIFIC FROM ONE YEAR TO ANOTHER YEAR 3-FEET. true or false

A

true

157
Q

RATIO VARIABLES:

zero calories on a soda is a ratio measurement. TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

158
Q

INFORMAL RULES IN CRIMINOLOGY:

are an infinite number of categories necessary? yes or no

A

no

159
Q

INFORMAL RULES IN CRIMINOLOGY:

criminological scientific research “usually” does not use interval. TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

160
Q

INFORMAL RULES IN CRIMINOLOGY:

Could some ORDINAL variables be used as CONTINUOUS variables? yes or no

A

yes

161
Q

INFORMAL RULES IN CRIMINOLOGY:

which level of measurement??

A

precision

conceptualization

literature review

162
Q

what level of measurement is: age/income

A

ratio

163
Q

what level of measurement is: 0=famale; 1-male
0= convicted; 1=innocent
0=democrat 1=republican 0=other

A

nominal

164
Q

what level of measurement is:

4= SA 3= A 2= D 1= SD

if a neutral is in the middle does that change the level of measurement? yes or no

A

ordinal

no

165
Q

SCALING TO MINIMIZE ERROR:

how do you minimize error?

A

scaling

166
Q

SCALING TO MINIMIZE ERROR:

what’s the 1st way to scale?

A

choose a higher level of measurement

-increasing precision and points of measure

167
Q

SCALING TO MINIMIZE ERROR:

what’s a 2nd way to minimize error?

A

choose an index/scale/composite measure (terms are interchangeable.

  • increase the content of the measurement
    • use Liker scales
    • Rensis Likert (1920’s)
168
Q

SCALING TO MINIMIZE ERROR:

what’s a 3rd way to minimize error

A

Literature

RESEARCH METHODS (RM) 2 (1 decks)

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