Powerpoint sectional anatomy - head and neck Flashcards
Cerebellum
- ?
- located?
- vermis?
Coordination center for motor functions.
Located in posterior fossa below the cerebrum
Has 2 hemispheres separated by cauliflower structure of grey matter called vermis
In the cerebellum, the 2 hemispheres are separated by cauliflower structure of grey matter called _______
Has 2 hemispheres separated by cauliflower structure of grey matter called vermis
Pons
Serves as abridge that connects the cerebrum and cerebellum
Medulla oblongota
- extention
- regulates (5)
Extension of the pons to foramen magnum where is continues as spinal cord helps regulate breathing, heart and blood vessel functions, digestion, sneezing and swallowing
Basilar artery
- ?
- branches into
Union of two veretebral arteries at the level of pons. Further branches off into the posterior inferior cerebellar artery, anterior inferior cerebellar artery, and posterior cerebral artery
Fourth ventricle
_____ ventricle?
?
Most inferior ventricle. Allows the passage of csf between the ventricles and subarachnoid space
Interventricular foramen
Helps drain csf
Cerebrum
Size
Separating?
Largest portion of brain consisting of white and gray matter.
The cerebrum is separated into two hemispheres
Each hemisphere is further divided into lobes named by corresponding cranial
White matter
Myelinated axons that create pathways for the transmission of nerve impulses
Myelinated
Protection for neurons
White matter
More in the middle
Gray matter
- location
– where?
- function
Outside towards bone. Nerve cell bodies that comprise the cerebral cortex. Neurons both both send and receive the sensory impulses
Frontal lobe
- size?
Controls (2)
Largest four lobes. The frontal lobe controls personality and voluntary motor activities
Parietal lobe
Concerned with peripheral sensations
Occipital lobe
Concerned with vision
Temporal lobe
Deals with smell, taste, hearing
Gyrus
Rounded elevations on the surface of the brain caused by folds of gray matter
Sulcus
Grove or furrow that separates the gyrus
Internal carotid
- blood to 3?
- branches off into two?
Supplies blood to frontal, parietal and temporal lobes of brain. Further branches off into the middle and anterior cerebral arteries
Vertebral arteries
- start
- branches off?
Start at subclavian artery and unite to form the basilar artery
Basilar artery
- branches off 4
- level?
- further branches off 3?
Branches off the cerebellum, pons, occipital lobe and inferior aspect of The temporal lobe
Union of the two vertebral arteries at the level of the pons. Further branches off into the posterior inferior cerebellar artery, anterior inferior cerebellar artery, and posterior cerebral artery
Aneurysm on Ct?
Walls look enlarged in cut
Circle of Willis
An anastomoses between the four major arteries that supply the brain. Functions as means of collateral circulation to and from one part of the brain to another in case of blockage
Subdural space
Space in between dura and arachnoid
Meninges
Three layered membrane that surrounds and protects the brain
Dura mater
- location
- attachment
- layer
- function
Outermost meninges that forms an attachment between the periosteum of the cranium and brain. Consists of two layer that the menigeal arteries sit between. Folds in the dura mater serve as cushion and to separate structures
Tentorium cerebelli
Fold in the dura mater that rises up like a tent and separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum
Falx cerebri
A fold in the dura mater that separates the two cerebral hemispheres
Arachnoid
Middle meninges that separated from the dura mater by the subdural space
Subarachnoid space
Area between the arachnoid and pia mater. Contains the cerebrospinal fluid
Pia mater
Inner meninges that adheres closely to brain. Separated from the arachnoid layer by the subarachnoid space
Thalmus
Center for pain
Basal ganglia
Collection 4?
Contribute to 2
Collection of subcortical gray matter consisting of the caudate nucleaus, lentiform nucleaus, claustrum, and thalmus. They contribute to the planning and programming of movement
Corpus callosum
Largest structure of white matter that serves as an attachment of the cerebral hemispheres
Ventricles
Cavities that provide a path for the circulation of cerebral spinal fluid
Lateral ventricles left and right
Two most superior ventricles within each cerebral hemispheres . Each consists of body , anterior and posterior horns
Septum pellucidum
Partition that separates the right the right and left lateral ventricle
Intraventricular foramen
Area of connection between the lateral ventricles and third ventricle. Aka foramen of monro
3rd ventricle
Located midline and inferior to the lateral ventricles
Cerebral aqueduct
Narrow passageway between the third and fourth ventricle. Aka aqueduct of sylvius
Fourth ventricle
Located?
Passage ?
Cavity located anterior to the cerebellum. Provides passage of csf into the spinal canal and subarachnoid space
Choroid plexus
Network of blood vessels within the lateral ventricles that produce csf
Cisterns
Pools of csf within the subarachnoid space
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Description
Symptoms
Imaging
Description- an escape of blood into the subarachnoid space, basal cisterns and csf pathways usually caused by a ruptured aneurysm
Symptoms- headache , change in mental status , loss of consciousness and in some cases neurological deficit
Imaging- noncontrast Ct most useful for subarachnoid hemorrhage diagnosis. Acute blood appears hyperdense in basal cisterns and fissures
Who no contrast with aneurysm
Blood /contrast same density
Hyperdense
Really bright
Isodense
Similar
Hypodense
Area affected darker than tissue
Subdural hematoma
Description
Symptoms
Imaging
Description- collection of blood between the dura mater and arachnoid membranes . Usually caused by the head hitting immovable object and rupturing Dural veins. Generally not associated with skull fracture
Symptoms- headaches, change in mental status, and in some cases neurological deficits
Imaging- noncontrast ct useful for acute subdural hematoma whereas Mri can be used for chronic cases. Acute will appear hyperdense, chronic will be isodense
Epidural hematoma
What happens on Ct?
Description
Symptoms
Imaging
Midline shift
Description- collection of blood between the dura mater and the skull . Usually caused by blunt trauma and tearing the middle meningeal artery . Generally associated with skull fx.
Symptoms- headaches, changes in mental status, dilated pupils, and in some cases neurological deficits and loss of consciousness
Imaging- noncontrast ct is most useful for eipudural hematoma. Acute will appear hyperdense. Subacute will appear isodense. Chronic will appear hypodense
Intracerebral hemorrhage
Description
Symptoms
Imaging
Description: collection of blood from ruptured vessel in brain. Also can be caused by trauma, metastasis , or stroke
Symptoms: headaches, change in mental status, and in some cases of neurological deficit
Imaging: noncontrast ct most useful for epidural hematoma. Acute will appear isodense. Chronic will appear hypodense
Cerebrovascular accident (cva)
Description
Symptoms
Imaging
Description : occurs as result loss blood flow to area of brain. Can be caused by atherosclerosis, emboli, or atherosclerotic debris
Symptoms: change in mental status and Neurological deficits
Imaging: noncontrast ct most useful to determine the presence of hemorrhage in order to prescribe anticoagulant therapy. Images 24-36 hours later can identify areas of infarct
Hydrocephalus
Description
Symptoms
IMAGING
Occurs as an enlargement of the ventricular system. Caused by excessive Csf production , failure of absorption of excessive csf or an obstruction in the ventricular system
Symptoms: change in head circumference ,mental status. Lethargic and seizures
Imaging: noncontrast ct is most useful to determine the presence of hydrocephalus
Metastasis
Description
Symptoms
Imaging
Description: mestastic spread of cancer from a distant site to the brain
Symptoms: loss of motor function mental status changes, lethargy, and seizure
Imaging: noncontrast Ct followed by contrast series. Noncontrast shows signs of edema. Contrast will demonstrate vascular enhancement of lesions
Glioblastoma
Description
Symptoms
Imaging
Description: rapids growing highly malignant tumor located in cerebral hemispheres
Symptoms: loss of motor function mental status changes, lethargy, headaches and seizures
Imaging: noncontrast followed by contrast series. Noncontrast shows signs of edema. Contrast will demonstrate vascular enhancement of lesions
Glio
Cells around neurons
Meningioma
Description
Symptoms
Imaging
Description: benign intercranial tumor arising from the meninges
Symptoms: loss of motor function , mental status changes, lethargy, headache, and seizure
Imaging: noncontrast Ct followed by contrast series. Noncontrast shows signs of edema and or calcifications. Contrast will demonstrate vascular enhancement of lesions
1mm slices
Very thin
Temporal bone
Forms?
Contains 4?
Helps form the base of the cranium and contains many important structures. Contains mastoid air cells , mandibular fossa, auditory canals, and many foramen that allow the passage of nerves and blood vessels to the brain
Paranasal sinus
Air filled cavities within facial bones. Each named by bones that originate from
Ethmoid sinus
Made up air cells in ethmoid bone
Sphenoid bone
Occupy the body of the sphenoid bone just bellow sella turcica
Frontal sinus
Located
Separated by?
Drains?
Located vertical portion the frontal bone.usually separated by septum in msp . Drains inferiorly into ethmoid
Maxillary sinus
Largest sinus
Sits below roots of teeth
Drains into middle meatus of ethmoid sinus
Optic nerve goes to?
Occipital
Orbits
Cone shaped structure that surround the eyeball
Rectus muscle
Named?
Move eye up/down?
Move left/right?
Group four muscles named for there reference to globe
Inferior and superior rectus muscle move the eye up and down
Medial and lateral rectus muscle move eye left and right
Optic nerve
Nerve of?
Originates?
Nerves of sight
Originates on the posterior surface of the globe and exits optic canal
Mastoiditis
Looks on Ct
Descriptions:
Symptoms:
Imaging:
On Ct aircells look like they disappear
Description: acute or chronic inflammation of mastoid air cells
Symptoms: heraring loss , ear drainage, fever, pressure
Imaging: noncontrast coronal and axial Ct scan
Sinusitis
Description
Symptoms
Imaging
Description: an acute or chronic inflammation of paranasal sinuses
Symptoms: nasal congestion, headache, fever, pressure
Imaging: noncontrast coronal scan - will look like maxillary sinus shows very little air cells
Graves’ disease
Description
Symptoms
Imaging
Description: types of autoimmune disease in which immune system over stimulates thyroid gland, hyperthyroidism
Symptoms: swelling tissue around eyes, protrusion, or bulging of eyes
Imaging: axial and coronal images of orbits
Tripod fracture
Includes 3
Includes zygomatic arch, orbital floor, and maxillary process
Common carotid artery
_____arises from brachiocephalic artery, _____arises directly from aortic arch. Each bifurcate into internal and external carotid at _____.Internal continues up through _______ _____to feed the brain. External carotid protrude anteriorly to feed the ______
Right arises from brachiocephalic artery, left arises directly from aortic arch. Each bifurcate into internal and external carotid at c4. Internal continues up through carotid canal to feed the brain. External carotid protrude anteriorly to feed the face
Vertebral artery
Both right and left arise from subclavian arteries and ascend to the brain via transverse foramina in the cervical spine
Internal jugular vein
Largest
Sits
Empty
Largest vessel in neck. Sits laterally to carotid arteries. Empty into the braciocephalic vein
External jugular vein
Starts out retromandibular vein into lateral aspects of face then continue as ejv. Until empties into brachiocephalic vein
Pharynx
Muscular tube that acts as an opening for respiratory and digestive functions . Subdivided into nasopharynx, oropharynx, and larngopharynx
Nasopharyngeal
Most superior portion. Extends from the nasal cavity to the uvula
Oropharynx
Extension of oral cavity. Extends from soft palate to hyoid bone
Larngopharynx
Extends from inferior portion of the oropharynx to the esophagus
Larynx
Begins lower passageway for air into trachea
Parotid gland
Largest salivary gland . Usually sits between the mandibular rami and the sternocleidomastoid muscle
(2)
Submandibular gland
Borders the posterior half of the mandible from the angle of mandible to the hyoid bone
Sublingual gland
Smallest gland. Lie under the toungue in the floor of the mouth
Neck abscess
Description
Symptoms
Imaging
Description: an inflammatory process caused by salivary gland stone, dental abscess, infective process from mouth, toungue or skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain, redness
Imaging: contrast Ct scan of neck
Soft tissue neck tumor
Large mass deviating trachea from left to right. Most likely lymphoma
Posterior fossa
Cerebellum Pons Medulla oblongota Basilar artery Fourth ventricle
