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Powerpoint sectional anatomy - head and neck > Powerpoint sectional anatomy - head and neck > Flashcards

Powerpoint sectional anatomy - head and neck Flashcards

1
Q

Cerebellum

  • ?
  • located?
  • vermis?
A

Coordination center for motor functions.

Located in posterior fossa below the cerebrum

Has 2 hemispheres separated by cauliflower structure of grey matter called vermis

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2
Q

In the cerebellum, the 2 hemispheres are separated by cauliflower structure of grey matter called _______

A

Has 2 hemispheres separated by cauliflower structure of grey matter called vermis

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3
Q

Pons

A

Serves as abridge that connects the cerebrum and cerebellum

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4
Q

Medulla oblongota

  • extention
  • regulates (5)
A

Extension of the pons to foramen magnum where is continues as spinal cord helps regulate breathing, heart and blood vessel functions, digestion, sneezing and swallowing

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5
Q

Basilar artery

  • ?
  • branches into
A

Union of two veretebral arteries at the level of pons. Further branches off into the posterior inferior cerebellar artery, anterior inferior cerebellar artery, and posterior cerebral artery

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6
Q

Fourth ventricle

_____ ventricle?

?

A

Most inferior ventricle. Allows the passage of csf between the ventricles and subarachnoid space

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7
Q

Interventricular foramen

A

Helps drain csf

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8
Q

Cerebrum

Size

Separating?

A

Largest portion of brain consisting of white and gray matter.

The cerebrum is separated into two hemispheres

Each hemisphere is further divided into lobes named by corresponding cranial

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9
Q

White matter

A

Myelinated axons that create pathways for the transmission of nerve impulses

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10
Q

Myelinated

A

Protection for neurons

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11
Q

White matter

A

More in the middle

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12
Q

Gray matter

  • location

– where?

  • function
A

Outside towards bone. Nerve cell bodies that comprise the cerebral cortex. Neurons both both send and receive the sensory impulses

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13
Q

Frontal lobe

  • size?

Controls (2)

A

Largest four lobes. The frontal lobe controls personality and voluntary motor activities

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14
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Concerned with peripheral sensations

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15
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Concerned with vision

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16
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Deals with smell, taste, hearing

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17
Q

Gyrus

A

Rounded elevations on the surface of the brain caused by folds of gray matter

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18
Q

Sulcus

A

Grove or furrow that separates the gyrus

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19
Q

Internal carotid

  • blood to 3?
  • branches off into two?
A

Supplies blood to frontal, parietal and temporal lobes of brain. Further branches off into the middle and anterior cerebral arteries

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20
Q

Vertebral arteries

  • start
  • branches off?
A

Start at subclavian artery and unite to form the basilar artery

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21
Q

Basilar artery

  • branches off 4
  • level?
  • further branches off 3?
A

Branches off the cerebellum, pons, occipital lobe and inferior aspect of The temporal lobe

Union of the two vertebral arteries at the level of the pons. Further branches off into the posterior inferior cerebellar artery, anterior inferior cerebellar artery, and posterior cerebral artery

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22
Q

Aneurysm on Ct?

A

Walls look enlarged in cut

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23
Q

Circle of Willis

A

An anastomoses between the four major arteries that supply the brain. Functions as means of collateral circulation to and from one part of the brain to another in case of blockage

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24
Q

Subdural space

A

Space in between dura and arachnoid

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25
Q

Meninges

A

Three layered membrane that surrounds and protects the brain

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26
Q

Dura mater

  • location
  • attachment
  • layer
  • function
A

Outermost meninges that forms an attachment between the periosteum of the cranium and brain. Consists of two layer that the menigeal arteries sit between. Folds in the dura mater serve as cushion and to separate structures

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27
Q

Tentorium cerebelli

A

Fold in the dura mater that rises up like a tent and separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

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28
Q

Falx cerebri

A

A fold in the dura mater that separates the two cerebral hemispheres

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29
Q

Arachnoid

A

Middle meninges that separated from the dura mater by the subdural space

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30
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

Area between the arachnoid and pia mater. Contains the cerebrospinal fluid

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31
Q

Pia mater

A

Inner meninges that adheres closely to brain. Separated from the arachnoid layer by the subarachnoid space

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32
Q

Thalmus

A

Center for pain

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33
Q

Basal ganglia

Collection 4?

Contribute to 2

A

Collection of subcortical gray matter consisting of the caudate nucleaus, lentiform nucleaus, claustrum, and thalmus. They contribute to the planning and programming of movement

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34
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Largest structure of white matter that serves as an attachment of the cerebral hemispheres

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35
Q

Ventricles

A

Cavities that provide a path for the circulation of cerebral spinal fluid

36
Q

Lateral ventricles left and right

A

Two most superior ventricles within each cerebral hemispheres . Each consists of body , anterior and posterior horns

37
Q

Septum pellucidum

A

Partition that separates the right the right and left lateral ventricle

38
Q

Intraventricular foramen

A

Area of connection between the lateral ventricles and third ventricle. Aka foramen of monro

39
Q

3rd ventricle

A

Located midline and inferior to the lateral ventricles

40
Q

Cerebral aqueduct

A

Narrow passageway between the third and fourth ventricle. Aka aqueduct of sylvius

41
Q

Fourth ventricle

Located?

Passage ?

A

Cavity located anterior to the cerebellum. Provides passage of csf into the spinal canal and subarachnoid space

42
Q

Choroid plexus

A

Network of blood vessels within the lateral ventricles that produce csf

43
Q

Cisterns

A

Pools of csf within the subarachnoid space

44
Q

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Description

Symptoms

Imaging

A

Description- an escape of blood into the subarachnoid space, basal cisterns and csf pathways usually caused by a ruptured aneurysm

Symptoms- headache , change in mental status , loss of consciousness and in some cases neurological deficit

Imaging- noncontrast Ct most useful for subarachnoid hemorrhage diagnosis. Acute blood appears hyperdense in basal cisterns and fissures

45
Q

Who no contrast with aneurysm

A

Blood /contrast same density

46
Q

Hyperdense

A

Really bright

47
Q

Isodense

A

Similar

48
Q

Hypodense

A

Area affected darker than tissue

49
Q

Subdural hematoma

Description

Symptoms

Imaging

A

Description- collection of blood between the dura mater and arachnoid membranes . Usually caused by the head hitting immovable object and rupturing Dural veins. Generally not associated with skull fracture

Symptoms- headaches, change in mental status, and in some cases neurological deficits

Imaging- noncontrast ct useful for acute subdural hematoma whereas Mri can be used for chronic cases. Acute will appear hyperdense, chronic will be isodense

50
Q

Epidural hematoma

What happens on Ct?

Description

Symptoms

Imaging

A

Midline shift

Description- collection of blood between the dura mater and the skull . Usually caused by blunt trauma and tearing the middle meningeal artery . Generally associated with skull fx.

Symptoms- headaches, changes in mental status, dilated pupils, and in some cases neurological deficits and loss of consciousness

Imaging- noncontrast ct is most useful for eipudural hematoma. Acute will appear hyperdense. Subacute will appear isodense. Chronic will appear hypodense

51
Q

Intracerebral hemorrhage

Description

Symptoms

Imaging

A

Description: collection of blood from ruptured vessel in brain. Also can be caused by trauma, metastasis , or stroke

Symptoms: headaches, change in mental status, and in some cases of neurological deficit

Imaging: noncontrast ct most useful for epidural hematoma. Acute will appear isodense. Chronic will appear hypodense

52
Q

Cerebrovascular accident (cva)

Description

Symptoms

Imaging

A

Description : occurs as result loss blood flow to area of brain. Can be caused by atherosclerosis, emboli, or atherosclerotic debris

Symptoms: change in mental status and Neurological deficits

Imaging: noncontrast ct most useful to determine the presence of hemorrhage in order to prescribe anticoagulant therapy. Images 24-36 hours later can identify areas of infarct

53
Q

Hydrocephalus

Description

Symptoms

IMAGING

A

Occurs as an enlargement of the ventricular system. Caused by excessive Csf production , failure of absorption of excessive csf or an obstruction in the ventricular system

Symptoms: change in head circumference ,mental status. Lethargic and seizures

Imaging: noncontrast ct is most useful to determine the presence of hydrocephalus

54
Q

Metastasis

Description

Symptoms

Imaging

A

Description: mestastic spread of cancer from a distant site to the brain

Symptoms: loss of motor function mental status changes, lethargy, and seizure

Imaging: noncontrast Ct followed by contrast series. Noncontrast shows signs of edema. Contrast will demonstrate vascular enhancement of lesions

55
Q

Glioblastoma

Description

Symptoms

Imaging

A

Description: rapids growing highly malignant tumor located in cerebral hemispheres

Symptoms: loss of motor function mental status changes, lethargy, headaches and seizures

Imaging: noncontrast followed by contrast series. Noncontrast shows signs of edema. Contrast will demonstrate vascular enhancement of lesions

56
Q

Glio

A

Cells around neurons

57
Q

Meningioma

Description

Symptoms

Imaging

A

Description: benign intercranial tumor arising from the meninges

Symptoms: loss of motor function , mental status changes, lethargy, headache, and seizure

Imaging: noncontrast Ct followed by contrast series. Noncontrast shows signs of edema and or calcifications. Contrast will demonstrate vascular enhancement of lesions

58
Q

1mm slices

A

Very thin

59
Q

Temporal bone

Forms?
Contains 4?

A

Helps form the base of the cranium and contains many important structures. Contains mastoid air cells , mandibular fossa, auditory canals, and many foramen that allow the passage of nerves and blood vessels to the brain

60
Q

Paranasal sinus

A

Air filled cavities within facial bones. Each named by bones that originate from

61
Q

Ethmoid sinus

A

Made up air cells in ethmoid bone

62
Q

Sphenoid bone

A

Occupy the body of the sphenoid bone just bellow sella turcica

63
Q

Frontal sinus

Located

Separated by?

Drains?

A

Located vertical portion the frontal bone.usually separated by septum in msp . Drains inferiorly into ethmoid

64
Q

Maxillary sinus

A

Largest sinus

Sits below roots of teeth

Drains into middle meatus of ethmoid sinus

65
Q

Optic nerve goes to?

A

Occipital

66
Q

Orbits

A

Cone shaped structure that surround the eyeball

67
Q

Rectus muscle

Named?

Move eye up/down?

Move left/right?

A

Group four muscles named for there reference to globe

Inferior and superior rectus muscle move the eye up and down

Medial and lateral rectus muscle move eye left and right

68
Q

Optic nerve

Nerve of?

Originates?

A

Nerves of sight

Originates on the posterior surface of the globe and exits optic canal

69
Q

Mastoiditis

Looks on Ct

Descriptions:

Symptoms:

Imaging:

A

On Ct aircells look like they disappear

Description: acute or chronic inflammation of mastoid air cells

Symptoms: heraring loss , ear drainage, fever, pressure

Imaging: noncontrast coronal and axial Ct scan

70
Q

Sinusitis

Description

Symptoms

Imaging

A

Description: an acute or chronic inflammation of paranasal sinuses

Symptoms: nasal congestion, headache, fever, pressure

Imaging: noncontrast coronal scan - will look like maxillary sinus shows very little air cells

71
Q

Graves’ disease

Description

Symptoms

Imaging

A

Description: types of autoimmune disease in which immune system over stimulates thyroid gland, hyperthyroidism

Symptoms: swelling tissue around eyes, protrusion, or bulging of eyes

Imaging: axial and coronal images of orbits

72
Q

Tripod fracture

Includes 3

A

Includes zygomatic arch, orbital floor, and maxillary process

73
Q

Common carotid artery

_____arises from brachiocephalic artery, _____arises directly from aortic arch. Each bifurcate into internal and external carotid at _____.Internal continues up through _______ _____to feed the brain. External carotid protrude anteriorly to feed the ______

A

Right arises from brachiocephalic artery, left arises directly from aortic arch. Each bifurcate into internal and external carotid at c4. Internal continues up through carotid canal to feed the brain. External carotid protrude anteriorly to feed the face

74
Q

Vertebral artery

A

Both right and left arise from subclavian arteries and ascend to the brain via transverse foramina in the cervical spine

75
Q

Internal jugular vein

Largest

Sits

Empty

A

Largest vessel in neck. Sits laterally to carotid arteries. Empty into the braciocephalic vein

76
Q

External jugular vein

A

Starts out retromandibular vein into lateral aspects of face then continue as ejv. Until empties into brachiocephalic vein

77
Q

Pharynx

A

Muscular tube that acts as an opening for respiratory and digestive functions . Subdivided into nasopharynx, oropharynx, and larngopharynx

78
Q

Nasopharyngeal

A

Most superior portion. Extends from the nasal cavity to the uvula

79
Q

Oropharynx

A

Extension of oral cavity. Extends from soft palate to hyoid bone

80
Q

Larngopharynx

A

Extends from inferior portion of the oropharynx to the esophagus

81
Q

Larynx

A

Begins lower passageway for air into trachea

82
Q

Parotid gland

A

Largest salivary gland . Usually sits between the mandibular rami and the sternocleidomastoid muscle

(2)

83
Q

Submandibular gland

A

Borders the posterior half of the mandible from the angle of mandible to the hyoid bone

84
Q

Sublingual gland

A

Smallest gland. Lie under the toungue in the floor of the mouth

85
Q

Neck abscess

Description

Symptoms

Imaging

A

Description: an inflammatory process caused by salivary gland stone, dental abscess, infective process from mouth, toungue or skin

Symptoms: swelling, pain, redness

Imaging: contrast Ct scan of neck

86
Q

Soft tissue neck tumor

A

Large mass deviating trachea from left to right. Most likely lymphoma

87
Q

Posterior fossa

A 
Cerebellum
Pons
Medulla oblongota
Basilar artery
Fourth ventricle

Powerpoint sectional anatomy - head and neck (1 decks)

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