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Powerpoint Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Feedback

A

Relaying of data relating to a condition to appropriate organ or system

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2
Q

Negative feedback

A

To restore homeostasis. The reverse of the original signal

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3
Q

Positive feedback

A

Stimuli is enhanced or continued

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4
Q

Beneficial positive feedback

A

Labor
Blood clotting
Atrial natriuretic peptide

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5
Q

Systems involved in feedback

A

Nervous and endocrine

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6
Q

What does the nervous system do in feedback?

A

Transmit and receive impulses

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7
Q

What does the endocrine system do in feedback?

A

Secrets hormones

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8
Q

What are the four fluid compartments?

A 
Intercellular fluid (icf) 
Extracellular fluid (ecf)
   -interstitial 
    - intravascular 
         *transcellular
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9
Q

Where is icf found?

A

Inside the cell

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10
Q

How much is found of icf?

A

60-65%

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11
Q

What does icf function as?

A

Stabilizing agents for parts of cell

Assists with transport of nutrients in and out of plasma membrane

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12
Q

Where is ecf located?

A

Outside the cell

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13
Q

How much ecf is found?

A

35-40%

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14
Q

What are the types of ecf?

A

Interstitial (if) fluid- tissue
Intravascular (iv) l- plasma
Transcellular fluid

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15
Q

Ecf is the what fluid?

A

Most important regulated

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16
Q

What are the controlling organs for ecf?

A

Brain, kidneys and pit gland

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17
Q

What is the primary mechanism regulating ecf?

A

Kidneys, adrenal cortex, hupothalAmus,

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18
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

The thirst center

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19
Q

What is adh?

A

Anitdiuredic hormone,

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20
Q

What does adh do?

A

Released in response to increased bld vol/bp or an increase in sodium in ivf
Regulated amount of h2o kidneys absorb
Released when urine decreases or h2o increSes in kidney tubules

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21
Q

What is the raa system?

A

The renin angiotensin aldosterone and it controls fluid volume

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22
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide or hormone (anp/anh)

A

Promoted digress (⬆️urine output)

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23
Q

Normal intake is what

A

2500 ml per day

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24
Q

Normal intake equals what?

A

Normal outtake

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25
Q

Output is what

A

Urine, feces, perspiration, breathing

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26
Q

Over hydration

A

Excess of water in the body

27
Q

Edema

A

Excess accumulation of fld in tissues

28
Q

Third spacing

A

Edema, fluid accumulated resulting from trauma, infection etc

29
Q

Ascites

A

Peritoneal cavity

30
Q

Abasarca

A

Gen edema

31
Q

Dehydration is what type of what?

A

Often seen type of fluid imbalance

32
Q

What is dehydration

A

The deficiency of body h2o or excessive loss.

The output is greater than the intake

33
Q

What is dehydration associated with?

A

Higher sodium and other electrolytes

34
Q

Conditions of dehydration?

A

Vomiting, diarrhea, diuretic, abuse, decreased fluid intake, excessive sweating etc

35
Q

Early dehydration equals what?

A

Increased thirst and fluid intake

36
Q

Water is a primary what?

A

Solvent and compound

37
Q

What does water regulate?

A

Ph, fluid pressures, temp, inside and outside cells

38
Q

What does water assist with?

A

Chemical reactions

39
Q

What does water transport in solutions?

A

Nutrients and O2 to cells and waste from cell

40
Q

What are the three types of solutions?

A

Isotonic
Hypertonic
Hypotonic

41
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A

Equal pressure in opposite sides of the membrane

42
Q

What is the normal saline solution?

A

0.9%

43
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

Stronger solutions, compared to an opposing side of a membrane, causes blood cells to shrink (crenate) because osmosis will draw fluid out of the cell

44
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

Weaker solution, causes blood cells to swell (hemolysis)

45
Q

What is an electrolyte?

A

Active chemical or elements

46
Q

What is active chemical concentration measured in?

A

mEqs

47
Q

How can electrolytes be tested?

A

In blood by lab testing

48
Q

What is an ion?

A

An atom that has gain/lost one or more electrons (bonding)

49
Q

What is a valance?

A

(+ or -)

50
Q

What is a cation?

A

Na+, k+, ca++, mg++, fe++, h+

51
Q

What is an anion?

A

Cl-, hco3-, so4–, hpo4–

52
Q

What are cations attracted to?

A

Anions

53
Q

What is ionization?

A

Dissociation of compounds into their perspective ions

54
Q

Free standing ions can what?

A

Combine with other substances to form acids bases or salts

55
Q

Organs involved in homeostasis are?

A

Kidneys, adrenals, parathyroid sand thyroid glands

56
Q

What does the body require and for what?

A

All electrolytes for proper functioning

57
Q

What are the Organs involved in homeostatic actions to maintain electrolytes balance

A

Kidneys, adrenals, parathyroid and thyroid glands

58
Q

What is permeability?

A

Ability to allow molecules to pass thru membrane

59
Q

What is selective permeability?

A

A cell membrane that allows only certain munchies to pass thru

60
Q

What size in the membrane affects permeability?

A

Pore size

61
Q

Blank pressure affects permeability?

A

Osmotic

62
Q

Blank pressure affects permeability?

A

Hydrostatic

63
Q

The blank membrane is what?

A

Capillary membrane- freely permeable

64
Q

Homeostasis

A

Dynamic process to maintain a balance by adjusting to internal and external stimuli

Medical Terms (18 decks)

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