powerpoint 1 Flashcards
what are the three ways to analyze (view) a vertebrate’s internal anatomy?
- saggitally
- transversely
- frontally
epi
“on or above”
demos
“the population”
dermis
“skin”
how are dissection specimens prepared
treated w formalin which halts biochemical processes, is washed out (still there residually) and then preserved in wardsafe (>95% water, <3% methyl alcohol)
why do we use formalin and wardsafe instead of formaldehyde
bc formaldehyde is carcinogenic
what are the three types of injections?
subcutaneous
intramuscular
IV - in a blood vessel (intravenous)
what did georges curier do
wanted to get closer to god, discovered extinct megafauna reindeer thing
what did archbishop james ussler do
he wanted to know how old the earth was and tried to use biblical chronology to figure that out - added up lifespans; estimated it was 6000 years old
what did james hutton do
was a geologist who developed the idea of gradualism:
- studied erosion
- determined that ussler was wrong because how long it would take for canyons to form
- developed the idea of DEEP TIME
what is deep time
the concept that life on earth has been around an obscenely long time
“there is no vestige of a beginning and no prestige of an end” - gradualism
what did charles lyell do
developed the principle of uniformitarianism
“uniform rates of change that do not change”
- given the current rate of erosion, you can extrapolate the age of certain structures
why are lakes freshwater
because they are young
how do we figure out how old oceans are
by taking the concentration of salt and extrapolating how quickly minerals are deposited in the ocean to figure out how old it is
- found that it was 90-100 million yrs old
what are clam shells made of
caco3 - calcium carbonate
if we analyze sediment deposits and rock formations, how old is the ocean?
500 million years
what did antoine henri becquerel do
discovered radioactivity and isotopes; allowing us to use atomic decay to determine the age of fossils
how long can we use carbon dating?
10 half lives, aka 57300 years
- one half life is 5730
what did georges curier do
he wanted to reinforce his christian beliefs, but instead discovered an extinct species: Megaloceros gigantens (in 1812)
what are the three requirements for evolution to occur?
deep time + extinction + change
what did lemarck do
developed the theory of acquired characteristics (giraffes) which is false lol
what is a cladogram and what types of cladograms are there
a picture of an idea, built around certain characters which can be
- anatomical
- phisological
- genetic
- chemical
apomorphies
derived traits
plesiomorphies
ancestral traits
synapomorphies
shared derived traits
homology
similarity due to ancestry
homoplasy
reversals and convergence, which are BAD because they can be misleading
examples of homoplasy
- snakes losing feet
- dolphins are… mammals??
polarity
the direction of change
what do we search for while building trees
the most parsimonious one
consistency index
the number of characters analyzed divided by the number of steps (changes)
parsimony
the idea that it is more likely that it happened the easy way
how many phyla does kingdom animalia have?
38
- 1 vertebrate
- 37 invertebrate
how old do we hypothesize earth to be
5.5 billion years
how old are our oldest fossils? what are they?
3.5 billion year old prokaryotes
- amoebas: 1.5 bil
when was the cambrian period? (cambrian explosion)
700-550 million years ago
- had three waves of fauna
ediacaran fauna
- no endo or exoskeleton
- no hard parts
- preserved anoxically in a puddle; volcanic eruptions preserve organisms
timmotian fauna
- failure; “small shells fauna”
- second failed experiment of multicellular life
atdabanian fauna
- shit kicking lobsters????
- we are descended from them
