Power point notes

Question 1

Which ones are the factors that affects the electrolyte balances?

Answer 1

Fluid intake and output, acid-base balance, hormone secretion and normal cell functioning.

Question 2

What are the functions of the electrolytes?

Answer 2

regulate fluid distribution, govern acid base balance, function in the transmission of nerve impulses, instrumental in the production of energy and in blood clotting.

Question 3

Which one is the main ECF cation, the most abundant in body?

Answer 3

Sodium Na+

Question 4

What is Sodium normal range?

Answer 4

135 - 145 mEq/L

Question 5

What electrolytes has major influence on ECF osmolality and osmolarity, water distribution?

Answer 5

Sodium Na+

Question 6

What electrolytes Aids in maintenance of acid base balance, maintenance of acid base balance, Activates nerves and muscle cells?

Answer 6

Sodium Na+

Question 7

What electrolytes loss or gain usually coincides with water +/-?

Answer 7

Sodium Na+

Question 8

What electrolyte regulate ECF volume and water distribution, affects concentration, excretion, and absorption of other electrolytes (specially Cl- and K+)?

Answer 8

Sodium Na+

Question 9

What electrolytes combines with other ions to maintain acid-base balance. It is also essential for impulses transmission in nerve and muscle tissue?

Answer 9

Sodium Na+

Question 10

How do you call the less sodium to move across excitable membranes, delayed membrane depolarization?.

Answer 10

Hyponatremia

Serum Na decreases= ECF water moves into the cells.

Question 11

Sodium loss = water gain because

Answer 11

H2O move into the cell

Question 12

The symptoms of hyponatremia vary from patient to patient, depends on rapidity and development, primarily neurological:

Answer 12

Headaches, irritability, disorientation, lethargy and confusion.

Question 13

Sodium levels less than 110 mEq/L. When sodium falls further deterioration occurs, due to cerebral edema:

Answer 13

stupor, delirium, ataxia, seizures and coma.

Question 14

Which ones are the symptoms of hyponatremia with hypovolemia? (deshydratation)

Answer 14

Poor skin turgor
dry cracked mucous membranes
weak rapid pulse
Low BP or orthostatic hypotension.

Question 15

Which ones are the symptoms of hyponatremia with hypervolemia?

Answer 15

edema, hypertension, weight gain, rapid bounding pulse.

Question 16

When hyponatremia with hypervolemia happens?

Answer 16

Heart failure, hepatic cirrhosis, renal failure, overhydration.

Question 17

Labs results for hyponatremia are:

Answer 17

Serum osmolality < 135 mEq/L.
Urine specific gravity < 1.010.
Increased urine specific gravity and elevated urine Na in pts with SIADH.
Elevated Hct and plasma protein.

Question 18

Which one is the treatment for hyponatremia

Answer 18

Varies with cause and severity. Mild with hypervolemia (restrict fluids) oral Na supplements. hypovolemia (Isotonic IV fluids (NS), high sodium foods.

Question 19

The treatment for more severe hyponatremia (Na+ <120 mEq/L may include:

Answer 19

ICU placement, hypertonic IV sol’ n (3% or 5% Saline) if symptomatic.
to avoid overload administer slowly and give diuretics(furosemide)

Question 20

When the serum Na+>145 mEq/L, less common than hypo- can lead to: seizure, coma, permanent neuro damage.

Answer 20

Hypernatremia

Question 21

Mention the causes of hypernatremia:

Answer 21

mortality rate >50%, inability to ingest fluids, hypothalamic disorders (brain thirst center) water deficit, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketoic syndrome (severe water loss).

Question 22

which ones are the symptoms of hypernatremia?

Answer 22

Low grade fever, flushed skin, intense thirst. (Neurological fluid shift have huge impact on brain cells) (neuromuscular twitching, hyperreflexia, ataxia,tremors)

Question 23

Which one is the early signs of hypernatremia?

Answer 23

Restlessness/agitation, anorexia, nausea/vomiting.

Question 24

Which one is the later signs of hypernatremia?

Answer 24

weakness, lethargy, confusion, stupor, seizures, coma.