Power point notes Flashcards
Which ones are the factors that affects the electrolyte balances?
Fluid intake and output, acid-base balance, hormone secretion and normal cell functioning.
What are the functions of the electrolytes?
regulate fluid distribution, govern acid base balance, function in the transmission of nerve impulses, instrumental in the production of energy and in blood clotting.
Which one is the main ECF cation, the most abundant in body?
Sodium Na+
What is Sodium normal range?
135 - 145 mEq/L
What electrolytes has major influence on ECF osmolality and osmolarity, water distribution?
Sodium Na+
What electrolytes Aids in maintenance of acid base balance, maintenance of acid base balance, Activates nerves and muscle cells?
Sodium Na+
What electrolytes loss or gain usually coincides with water +/-?
Sodium Na+
What electrolyte regulate ECF volume and water distribution, affects concentration, excretion, and absorption of other electrolytes (specially Cl- and K+)?
Sodium Na+
What electrolytes combines with other ions to maintain acid-base balance. It is also essential for impulses transmission in nerve and muscle tissue?
Sodium Na+
How do you call the less sodium to move across excitable membranes, delayed membrane depolarization?.
Hyponatremia
Serum Na decreases= ECF water moves into the cells.
Sodium loss = water gain because
H2O move into the cell
The symptoms of hyponatremia vary from patient to patient, depends on rapidity and development, primarily neurological:
Headaches, irritability, disorientation, lethargy and confusion.
Sodium levels less than 110 mEq/L. When sodium falls further deterioration occurs, due to cerebral edema:
stupor, delirium, ataxia, seizures and coma.
Which ones are the symptoms of hyponatremia with hypovolemia? (deshydratation)
Poor skin turgor
dry cracked mucous membranes
weak rapid pulse
Low BP or orthostatic hypotension.
Which ones are the symptoms of hyponatremia with hypervolemia?
edema, hypertension, weight gain, rapid bounding pulse.
When hyponatremia with hypervolemia happens?
Heart failure, hepatic cirrhosis, renal failure, overhydration.
Labs results for hyponatremia are:
Serum osmolality < 135 mEq/L.
Urine specific gravity < 1.010.
Increased urine specific gravity and elevated urine Na in pts with SIADH.
Elevated Hct and plasma protein.
Which one is the treatment for hyponatremia
Varies with cause and severity. Mild with hypervolemia (restrict fluids) oral Na supplements. hypovolemia (Isotonic IV fluids (NS), high sodium foods.
The treatment for more severe hyponatremia (Na+ <120 mEq/L may include:
ICU placement, hypertonic IV sol’ n (3% or 5% Saline) if symptomatic.
to avoid overload administer slowly and give diuretics(furosemide)
When the serum Na+>145 mEq/L, less common than hypo- can lead to: seizure, coma, permanent neuro damage.
Hypernatremia
Mention the causes of hypernatremia:
mortality rate >50%, inability to ingest fluids, hypothalamic disorders (brain thirst center) water deficit, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketoic syndrome (severe water loss).
which ones are the symptoms of hypernatremia?
Low grade fever, flushed skin, intense thirst. (Neurological fluid shift have huge impact on brain cells) (neuromuscular twitching, hyperreflexia, ataxia,tremors)
Which one is the early signs of hypernatremia?
Restlessness/agitation, anorexia, nausea/vomiting.
Which one is the later signs of hypernatremia?
weakness, lethargy, confusion, stupor, seizures, coma.
