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CHAPT 3 Power Point > Power Point Chapter 3 Electricity > Flashcards

Power Point Chapter 3 Electricity Flashcards

1
Q

oSmallest unit of positive charge
oLocked in the nucleus by very strong forces

A

•Protons

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2
Q

oSmallest unit of negative charge
oFree to move between orbitals and atoms
o“Free electrons” are those not associated with a nucleus

A

•Electrons

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3
Q

Electricity concerns the DISTRIBUTION and MOVEMENT of ELECTRONS and has LITTLE to do with the?

A

positively charged protons locked within the atomic nucleus.

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4
Q

(electron) (resting/lacking movement)

A

•Electro statics

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5
Q

(electrons) at rest

A

•Electric charges

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6
Q

•Electrification – process of electron charges being?

A

added to or subtracted from an object.
oNegative and positive

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7
Q

Relative terms – not positive (protons), just?

A

less negative (fewer electrons). Nearly all objects have negative charges.

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8
Q

•Earth serves as infinite reservoir of pos and neg charges in equal distribution
•Has no potential to perform work/release energy (symbol on pg 37)

A

oZero or ground potential

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9
Q

oLike charges repel
oUnlike charges attract
oFigure 3-1, pg 37

A

•Repulsion–attraction

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10
Q

oForce between two charges is directly proportional to product of their magnitudes and inversely proportional to square of distance between them
oFormula on pg 37

A

•Inverse square law

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11
Q

oCharges reside on external surface of solid conductors

A

•Distribution

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12
Q

oAttempt to repel each other due to negative charges

A

•Distribution

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13
Q

oCharges reside equally throughout nonconductors

A

•Distribution

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14
Q

oGreatest concentration of charges will gather at sharpest area of curvature

A

•Concentration

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15
Q

oOn a cylindrical wire, charges are equidistant from each other

A

•Concentration

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16
Q

oInterior components of x-ray tubes are rounded and highly polished to eliminate sharply curved surfaces

A

•Concentration

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17
Q

oOnly negative charges move along solid conductors
oCharges move along surface of solid conductor

A

•Movement

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18
Q

oAbrasion of two conductive materials creates a transfer of charges between the materials

A

•Friction

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19
Q

•Occurs when one object is rubbed on another
oFor example, rubbing balloon on wool sweater, combing hair during winter

A

•Friction

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20
Q

oPhysically touching a charged body to a neutral body, creates a transfer of charge

A

•Contact

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21
Q

•Occurs when two objects touch
oPermits electrons to move from one object to another
oFor example, walking across floor (electrification by friction) and touching doorknob (electrification by contact)

A

•Contact

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22
Q

•Static discharge
oReleases excess energy as light photons

A

Contact

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23
Q

oBring a charged body in close proximity to a neutral object, without physical contact, creates a charge in the neutral object

A

•Induction

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24
Q

•Used in operation of electronic devices

A

•Induction

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25
Q

•Process of electric fields acting on one another without physical contact

A

•Induction

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26
Q

(electrons) (moving, motion)

A

Electro dynamic

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27
Q

oNegative to positive (less negative)
Movement of?

A

Electrons

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28
Q

electrons moving in predominantly the same direction

A

Electric current

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29
Q

space from which air has been removed. Few atoms oppose electron flow and permit electrons to reach the speed to produce x-rays (x-ray tube)

A

Vacuum

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30
Q

Properties of conducting materials –

A

Princ, pg 41, Table 3-1

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31
Q

pathway (usually copper wire) that permits electrons to move in a complete circle from their source, through resistors and back to the source.

A

Electrical circuit

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32
Q

An electrical circuit must have an excess charge at one end and?

A

comparative deficiency at the other to allow electrons to flow

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33
Q

• Excess electron sources-

A

a.Battery – converts chemical energy to electrical energy
b.Generator – converts mechanical energy to electrical energy
c.Solar converter – converts solar photons to electrical energy
d.Atomic reactor – converts nuclear energy to electrical energy

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34
Q

converts chemical energy to electrical energy

A

a.Battery –

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35
Q

converts mechanical energy to electrical energy

A

b.Generator –

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36
Q

converts solar photons to electrical energy

A

c.Solar converter –

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37
Q

converts nuclear energy to electrical energy

A

d.Atomic reactor –

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38
Q

Electrons move from areas of high (neg) to low (pos or less neg) concentration, Electron flow is from

A

negative to positive

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39
Q

oFrom positive to negative
oDue to movement of “electron holes” which is opposite to electron movement

A

Conventional current flow

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40
Q

oQuantity or number of electrons flowing

A

Current

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41
Q

oUnit of current is the ampere aka amp

A

Current

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42
Q

oSymbolized by the letter A

A

Current

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43
Q

oConsists of the movement of 6.24 x 10 18th electrons per second past a given point – one coulomb of electrical charge flowing per second

A

Current

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44
Q

o1 ampere = 1 coulomb/1 second

A

Current

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45
Q

X-ray equip uses milliamperage to regulate the number of electrons available to produce x-ray photons

A

Current

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46
Q

Current = Quantity (#) of

A

electrons flowing

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47
Q

oUnit of current
o1 C/sec
oCurrent in x-ray machines expressed in milliamperes (mA)

48
Q

oForce with which electrons travel

A

Potential Difference

49
Q

oExpressed as voltage; represented by V; volt is 1 joule (J) of work done on 1 coulomb of charge; 1 volt = 1 joule/1 coulomb

A

Potential difference

50
Q

oDependent on the difference between the number of excess electrons at one end of the circuit and the deficiency at the other end

A

Potential difference

51
Q

oDoes not have to be an actual flow of current for the difference to exist

A

Potential difference

52
Q

oTherefore termed potential difference

A

Potential difference

53
Q

oAKA electromotive force (emf) - the max diff of potential between pos and neg end of the electron source

A

Potential difference

54
Q

•Force that drives electrons

A

Potential difference

55
Q

•Electromotive force (E M F)

A

Potential difference

56
Q

•Voltage
oE M F used to do work

A

Potential difference

57
Q

•Area of higher and lower concentration of electrons
oUnequal forces try to balance

A

Potential difference

58
Q

Impedance or resistance

A

Resistance

59
Q

Opposition to current flow in the circuit

A

Resistance

60
Q

Unit of resistance is the ohm; represented by the symbol Ω (omega)

A

Resistance

61
Q

Direction of travel: Alternating current/direct current

A

(A C/D C) -Resistance

62
Q

when electrons move first in one direction and then reverse and move in the opposite direction; AC resistance is measured as admittance

A

AC -Resistance

63
Q

when all electrons move in the same direction; DC resistance is measured as conductance

A

DC -Resistance

64
Q

unit for admittance and conductance

A

Siemens (S)

65
Q

Amount of opposition to current

A

Resistance

66
Q

Measured in ohms

A

Resistance

67
Q

•Resistance terms based upon current type

A

oConductance (D C)
oAdmittance (A C)

68
Q

Resistance is Dependent upon four things:

A

oMaterial’s conductivity
oLength
oDiameter
oTemperature

69
Q

Dependent on configuration of atom’s:

A

Material’s Conductivity

70
Q

the outermost & sometimes next to outermost orbital shell

A

Valence band

71
Q

beyond the valance band, not an orbital shell, but within the force field of the atom

A

Conduction band –

72
Q

Valence band and conduction band overlap

A

•Conductors

73
Q

oValence band and conduction band in close proximity

A

•Semi-conductors

74
Q

Valence band and conduction band overlap greatly

A

Superconductors

75
Q

oValence band and conduction band far apart

A

Insulators

76
Q

Length is ______ related to Resistance.

77
Q

As length of solid conductor increases, resistance increases proportionally; ex –?

A

length doubles, resistance doubles

Directly related to resistance

78
Q

oEfficient circuit designs minimize circuit pathways and?

A

length

Directly related to resistance

79
Q

Electricians wire buildings using the shortest run possible, to lessen total?

A

resistance

80
Q

Diameter is ______ related to resistance.

81
Q

As cross-sectional diameter of solid conductor increases, resistance decreases; ex –?

A

diameter doubles, resistance halved

Inversely related to resistance

82
Q

oThicker wires offer less?

A

Resistance

83
Q

oExpressed in wire gauge
•14g, 16g, 18g, 22g, etc.
•Lower number = ______ ______

A

thicker wire

84
Q

Temperature is ______ related to resistance.

85
Q

Increased atomic motion due to increased temperature prevents electrons from flowing freely; ex –?

A

higher temp, more resistance

Directly related to resistance

86
Q

Electronics engineers go to great lengths to minimize _____ ____ _____.

A

circuit heat build-up

87
Q

Ohm’s Law – mathematical relationship between _______, _______ ______, and _________.

A

current, potential difference, and resistance

88
Q

V=

89
Q

V = potential difference

90
Q

I = current

91
Q

R = resistance

92
Q

Power Formula – used to calculate the total amount of _____ used in an electric circuit.

93
Q

P=

94
Q

P = power

A

Watts (unit of power)

95
Q

P = power

A

Watts (unit of power)

96
Q

Watt is defined as 1 _____ flowing through 1 _____.

A

Ampere - Volt

97
Q

I = current

A

Amperes (unit of current)

98
Q

V = potential difference

A

Volts (unit of potential difference)

99
Q

Calculation of Ohm’s Law varies depending upon ______ ______.

A

circuit type

100
Q

Current flow is divided between branches of circuit

A

Parallel Circuits

101
Q

As more ______ are added to a parallel circuit, total resistance drops, total amperage increases, and total voltage remains unchanged.

A

resistances

102
Q

Adding resistances in a parallel circuit, increases ________ ________.

A

circuit temperatures

103
Q

variable resistor used to control current, not practical for high voltage situations

104
Q

Devices added to circuits for protection from extreme overheating

A

Circuit Breaker and Fuse

105
Q

pops open and can be reset once the cause of the problem has been located and removed from the circuit

A

oCircuit breaker

106
Q

constructed with a metal tab that will melt when dangerously heated, breaking the circuit. Not reusable, must be replaced

107
Q

It consists of the movement of 6.24 x 10^18 electrons per second past a given point:

A

Ampere
(1 ampere = 1 coulomb/1 second).

108
Q

Properties of Conducting Materials

A

Insulator
Semiconductor
Conductor
Superconductor

109
Q

Material: Plastic, Rubber, Glass

110
Q

Material: Silicon, Germanium

A

Semiconductor

111
Q

Material: Copper, Aluminum

112
Q

Material: Titanium

A

Superconductor

113
Q

Greatly overlapping conduction and valence bands; conducts with little or no electrical potential; most current systems require extreme cold to function although research indicates room-temperature superconductors may be developed soon.

A

Superconductor

114
Q

Overlapping conduction and valence bands; conducts with minor resistance, varying denendina on temperature and other conditions.

115
Q

Small energy difference between conduction and valence bands; conducts or resists, depending on temperature and other conditions.

A

Semiconductor

116
Q

Large energy difference between conduction and valence bands; resists electron flow.

CHAPT 3 Power Point (2 decks)

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