POWER AND THE PEOPLE Flashcards
Why were the barons unhappy with King John in the 12th centuary
- He broke relations with the pope - risk of foreign invasion and going to hell
- High taxes - scutage
- Lost the crown jewels in the Wash
- Lost lots of land in France
Where was Magna Carta signed
Runnymede
When was Magna Carta signed
15th June 1215
How many clauses on Magna Carta
63
Give clause 61 of Magna Carta
A group of 25 barons will be created to monitor the king and ensure he commits to Magna Carta
Give clause 61 of Magna Carta
A group of 25 barons will monitor the king and ensure he commits to Magna Carta
Why wasn’t Magna Carta significant
Only affected barons - not peasants and villeins
When was the Seige of Rochester
October 1215
Who was victorious at the Seige of Rochester
King John
When did the French land in England, to take control from King John
May 1216
When did King John die
October 1216
When did King John die
October 1216
Did Magna Carta limit the King’s power
Theoretically yes - but he could go against it and no one could stop him
Who was on the throne when Simon de Montfort was around
Henry III
Why were the barons unhappy with Henry III
- Very pious - gave top jobs to Italian clergy
- Close ties to the French - aided by his marriage
- Gascon campaigns - he called de Montfort to trial for use of force to occupy French towns, and insisted his son Edward take charge
What year was the provisions of Oxford
1258
Give a clause of the Provisions of Oxford
The Great Council would have 12 elected by the barons, and 12 by the King
How did Henry overturn the Provisions of Oxford
- Barons were in two about opinions of the Provisons of Oxford
- The Pope allowed him to cancel the Provisions
- He elected only his men
What happened at the Battle of Lewes
- de Montfort had captured Henry
- He was in charge
When was the Battle of Evesham
1265
What happened at the Battle of Evesham
The barons put their support behind Henry’s son, Edwards, and killed de Montfort sending pieces of his body around the country as a warning
What was the model parliament
- In 1295, Edward established it
- Only the barons could vote (and not in secret)
When did the plague arrive in England
1348
What proportion of the population did the plague kill
A third
Why was the Statute of Labourers passed
Many peasants had been wiped out by the plague so they were in high demand and demanding high pay, or moving to neighbouring villages
When was the Statue of Labourers passed
1351
What proportion of peasants were brought before Justice of the Peace accused of breaking the statute of labourers
70%
What did the statute of labourers state
- Peasants must work for the same lord again
- They must receive the same wage they recieved before
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What tax was introduced to find the Hundred Year War
Poll tax - everyone over the age of 15 would have the pay 4 grouts a year
What religious influences did the peasants have to look up to in 1381
- Preachings of John Ball
- He was arrested
- After the revolt, he was hung and cut up
Where did the Peasant’s revolt start
30th May in Fobbing
When and where did Wat Tyler meet King Richard II
14 June at Mile End
How did the peasant’s revolt end
- One of the king’s men kills Tyler
- The peasant’s follow the king out of London
What benefits did the Peasant’s revolt have
- Poll tax was never repeated in the Medival people
- Workers wages began to rise
When was the Act of Supremacy passed
1534
What did the Act of Supremacy entail
- Became head of the Church of England
- He no longer paid taxes to the Pope
- He could divorce Cathrine of Aragon
How did Henry VIII respond to those who refused to see him as head of the church
With the help of Thomas Cromwell, passed a law to make it treason ot to accept Henry as the head of the church
Who was Thomas More
Henry VIII’s Lord Chancellor who was beheaded for refusing to accept Henry as head of the church
Why did Henry VIII dissolve the monastries
- They controlled 1/4 of the land
- Made an annual income of £200,000 - nearly double that of the king
What was the main opposition to Henry VIII’s religious reforms
Completely breaking from the church
Where did the Pilgrimage of Grace start, and who was their leader
Yorkshire in 1536, under the lawyer Robert Aske
Aims of the Pilgrimage of Grace
- Restore monastries - they weren’t as corrupt in the North
- Recognise the pope as head of the church
- Dismiss Cromwell and other advisors who were giving the KIng poor advice
How was the Pilgrimage of Grace put down
In January 1537, the rebels surrendered and 74 of them were hanged in their own gardens
What was the benefit for Henry, after dissolving the monastries
- He could build up the Royal Navy - he was still worried about a foreign attack
- Henry faced no more rebellions
- He had full control of the church in England
When did Charles I become king
1625
Why did Charles dissolve parliament
He was a firm believer in the Divine Right of Kings
When did Charles begin his 11 year tyranny
1629
Who was Charles I married to, and why was this a problem
Henrietta Maria - she was a catholic and a big influence on Charles I
What tax was introduced in 1637, and what was the problem
Ship Money - normally only those living by the coast would pay it, however Charles made everyone pay
What was the star chamber
A court for anyone where Charles I was in charge
What was the short parliament
- After 11 years Charles re-called parliament as he needed money to fight the Scots
- They agreed on some terms
- He dissolved them again after a month
When did Parliament take control of the army from Charles I
1640
Who were the roundheads and who supported them
- Parliament
- Lower and middle classes
- Southern + London
Who were the cavaliers
- Royalists
- Upper classes
- Northern
How did the roundheads and caveliers fight in the English Civil War
Cavalry and Infantry
Significance of the Battle of Naseby, 1645
- The New Model Army under Cromwell was first used
- Their 14,000 men outnumbered the king’s 9,000 men
- They defeated the royalists - it was seen as a turning point
How many turned up Charles I trial
68/135 commissioners
When was Charles I found guilty of treason and sentenced to death
27th January 1649
When was Charles I executed
10AM 30th January 1649
Where was Charles executed
Whitehall
Significance of the execution of Charles for jews
They were invited back to England for the first time since 1290
Positive impacts Cromwell had as Lord Protector
- Won wars against the Dutch and Spanish
- Introduced Navigation Act
When did Charles II become king
1660
What is England and Scotland called at the time they were ruled by Cromwell
Protectorate
How many colonies did Britain have in America, and what was their total population
13 colonies, with a population of 2.5mil
What economic policies did the colonists not want to pay
- Stamp Tax 1765
- Navigation Acts
- Tax for British soilders to defend them
What economic resentmetns did the colonists have
- Tax for the British army to protect them from foreign powers
- Stamp Tax of 1765
- Navigation Acts
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What did the American saying ‘No taxation without representation’ mean
As the colonists were ruled by Britain, but had no politicians within the House of Commons, they shouldn’t be expected to pay taxes
When was the Boston Massacre
1770
What was the result of taxation on tea
Boston Tea Party
What was the Lexington incident
- When the British Army tried to sieze a supply of gunpowder in Concord
- 20,00 ‘minutemen’ fired on them
Who was made the leader of the American Revolution
George Washington in 1775
What happened at the Battle of Yorktown in 1781
- The British Commander, Charles Cornwallis moved into a peninsula
- Washington attacked
- The British were foreced into surrender
What about the consitution was still unfair
Only rich white men were represented
What other revolution was inspired by the American Revolution
French Revolution
What was the problem with voting in the early 19th century
- Rotten boroughs - areas that sent MP’s even though no one lived there
- Pocket boroughs - areas that sent MP’s and it was only the rich that lived there
- Cities like Birmingham had no MP’s
- No secret ballot
- No women
Year of Peterloo
1819
Year of Peterloo
1819
What occured at Peterloo
- 60,000 peaceful protestors
- Listen to speeches by Henry Hunt
- Within 10mins, 600 wounded and 10 killed by local militia
Government response to Peterloo
- Government introduced the ‘Six Acts’
- Any meeting of more than 50 people for radical reform was treason
When was the Great Reform Act
1832
Points of the Great Reform Act
- Small locations loose MP’s
- London and other cities given more MP’s
- People with salary over £150 a year can vote
Why was the Great Reform Act passed on the third time
The house of lords didn’t want to pass a law that gave power to the lower classes
Who was the leader of the Chartists, and when + where was their first meeting
- William Lovett
- Birmingham
- 1839
Demands of the people’s charter
- Votes for all men
- Secret voting
- Wages for MP’s
How many demands were on the people’s charter
6
What 2 branches of chartism came, after the first people’s charter was rejected
- Lovett - promoted temperance and passive methods
- O’Connor - physical response
By 1928 how many aims of the chartists had been fufilled
All but one
Why did the Chartists fail
- O’Connor met with supporters on Kennington Common in 1848
- The thrid petition was deemed a farce, with thousands of fake signitures, and some from Queen Victoria
- There was also a difference of opinions between O’Connor and Lovett
What were the corn laws
- When Britain was at war with France, farmers had the monopoly of wheat
- After the war, trade with France enabled cheaper wheat to be sold
- In 1815, the law was passed, keeping the price of wheat high
What were the corn laws
- When Britain was at war with France, farmers had the monopoly of wheat
- After the war, trading resumed, and Frecnh farmers were able to sell wheat for a lower price
- In 1815, the laws were passed to keep the price of wheat high
Who was in charge of the ‘leaguers’
Richard Cobden and John Bright
Who was the PM when Cobden and Bright were elected as MP’s in 1841, and 1843
Robert Peel - he was a supporter of free trade of corn, but his party members would not support changes to the laws, to protect their wealth
How did the Irish potatoe famine affect the corn laws
- The Irish depended on bread even more
- Less was avaliable for those in England
- Prices further increased
When were the corn laws repealed
Peel repealed them in 1846
How many slaves died crossing the atlantic per voyage
A third
Life expectancy of a slave
27
Leader of the anti-slavery society
William Wilberforce
Anti-slavery people of interest
- Olaudah Equiano
- Thomas Clarkson
- Granville Sharp
When was slavery abolished
1807 - illegal to buy and sell people
1833 - Illegal to own slaves [with limitations]
What group of people were anti-abolitionists
Those who had slaves, as they would have to pay them
How did the resistance by the enslaved people of St Dominique form Haiti
- The enslaved people killed the plantation owners
- Burnt the sugar crops
- Led by Toussaint L’Ouverture
- Prevented the British and French counter
- Declared independant and became haiti
Limitations of the Abolition of Slavery Act 1833
- Only freed people under the age of 6
- The rest promised freedom after 4 years
- Smuggling was done in secret - no one was regulating conditions
When did the industrial revolution start
Around 1750
What was the 10 hour movement
MP Micheal Sadler suggested that those under 18 shouldn’t have to work more than 10 hours a day
Why were people against factory reform
They believed in laissez-faire politics
Factory reform acts
- Factory Act of 1833
- Mines Act of 1842
Key Individuals campaigning for factory and social reform
Robert Owen (working day) + Elizabeth Fry (Prison conditions)
Who were luddites
They would deliberately break machinery in hope factory owners would turn away from technology
What and when was the Combination Act
- 1825
- Put tight regulations on trade union meetings
- Stopped picketing
What was the significance of the 1837 Scottish Friendly Accociation of Cotton Spinners strike
- Unhappy with pay
- Refuse to work until demands were met
- Harrased and even shot those willing to work for the low wage
- The leaders were arrested
What was the significance of the 1837 Scottish Friendly Accociation of Cotton Spinners strike
- Unhappy with pay
- Refuse to work until demands were met
- Harrased and even shot those willing to work for the low wage
- The leaders were arrested
What was the first New Model Union and what did they do
- Amalgamated Society of Engineers (ASE)
- 1851
- Pay weekly subscriptions
- Ensure they recieved sick pay and other benefits
- Had 33,000 members in 1868
- Carpenters followed in 1860
- Tailors followed in 1866
When was the matchbox factory strike
July 1888
Demands of matchbox strike
Higher wages for women and improve working conditions to prevent injuries like ‘phossy jaw’
How succsesful was the matchbox girls strike
The employers agreed to demands - first sussessful strike by unskilled manual workers
When did the dockers go on strike
1889
Demands of the dockers
Increase of pay from 5 pence to 6 pence an hour and security to work at least 4 hours a day
Leader of the dockers
Ben Tillet
Were the dockers succsessful
Yes - they got their pay rise and job security
How did protest allow the Tolpuddle Martyrs to return to England
- At Copenhagen Fields thousands of working-class supporters gathered
- In 1836, all 6 Tolpuddle Martyrs were given a full pardon and allowed to return from Australia
What act was passed in 1870, allowing women to control their own income and property after marriage
Married Women’s Property Act
What was working life like for women in the eary 20th century
- Paid less than men for the same job
- Expected to leave their jobs upon marriage
Leader of suffragists (NUWSS)
Millicent Fawcett
How did the suffragists campaign for the vote
Peaceful methods like meetings, speeches, posters and letters
How did the suffragettes form
In 1903, in the Manchester branch of the NUWSS, Emmeline Pankhurst with her daughters (Sylvia and Christabel) formed the WSPU
What did the WSPU stand for
Women’s social and political union
Who wrote the Married Women’s Property Act
Richard Pankhurst - Emmeline Pankhurst’s wife
What tactics would the suffragettes use
- Heckling MP’s during speeches
- Smashing windows with stones
- Arson attacks and blowing up MP buildings
- It gave them more publicity
What happened at the Epsom Derby in 1913
- Emily Wilding Davison ran on to the race course
- She may have been trying to place a rosette on the King’s horse but got trampled
- She died of her injuries in hospital
What was the cat and mouse act
- Women arrested would go on hunger strike in prison
- Force feeding became too dangerous
- Women would be discharged when they became too weak
- Once healthy enough they would be re-arrested
- Public sympathy grew as a result
What did the NUWSS and the WSPU do to support the war effort, and what result did that have
- United
- Worked in factories, farms or on the front lines as nurses
- it prooved women could make clear-headed descions
- They ran the home while husbands were fighting
- It prooved women could do it all
What wass the voting act passed in 1918
- Representation of the People Act
- Men over 21 could vote
- Women over 21 could vote if they had property
- Other women had to be over 30
When did all women get the vote
1928
When did Empire Windrush arrive in Tilbury
June 1948
Who was on board Empire Windrush
492 people from the Caribbean
What was the British Nationality Act
Allowed anyone within the British Empire to come to Britain and gain citizenship
Why did the British Government encourage immigrants people to come to Britain
Shortage of labour - trying to rebuild after war and needed low paid unskilled workers like bus drivers
What happend at the Notting Hill Riots, 1958
Young white men like the ‘Teddy Boys’ felt young immigrants were stealing their women and so rioted, and attacked some immigrant residences
What happened to highly skilled immigrants
- Many were forced to take low paying jobs as their qualifications weren’t recognised
- Some were able to join the new NHS service
How many immigrants were in Britain in 1962
82,000
When were immigration acts passed, limiting how people could immigrate
1962, 1968, 1971
When did the British government offer voluntary repatriation
1971
Who was a prominant anti-immigration MP, and what speech did he give
Enoch Powell - ‘Rivers of blood’ speech
What was the National Front
People who wonated non-white immigrants to reutrn to their countries of origin. Many identified with Hiterl’s policies in Nazi Germany
When were acts passed by the government to aid immigrant settlers intergration
1965, 1968, 1976
What was the ‘sus law’ and how did it aid racial profiling
- Pain clothes officers could stop and search anyone
- More than 1000 people were stopped in 6days
How did the Brixton Riots start
- The arrest of a young black man
- Rumours of police brutality
- Young black people fought the police and set fires. to buildings and veichles
What did the Scarman Report conclude
The Metropolitan Police was institutionally racist
What case shows the racism within the police
The murder of Stephen Lawrence - the police failed to respond due to him being a young black man
Why were coal mines failing after the first world war
- The government denationalised them mines
- Inefficient mines were closed down
- Automatic machinery reduced the need for extra workers
- Foreign competition - especially Germany had much more modern mines
When was Black Friday
15th April 1921
What was announced on Black Friday
Extension of the working day. anda drop in wages
What did the TUC announce on Black Friday
Other industries would strike in solidarity but the railway and dockers pulled out so the miners returned to work with the new conditions
When did the General Strike begin
3rd May 1926
How long did the General Strike last
9 days
What government action was taken to stop the General Strike
- Used Emergency Powers Act from WW1 to arrange for the army to take over the jobs of striking workers
- Started a propaganda campaign with the newspaper ‘The British Gazette’ (edited by Winston Churchill)
- Stanley Baldwin made speeches fuelling the public fear of communism
- Armoured veichles with machine guns were sent to cities
What and when was. theTrade Unions Act
- 1927
- Illegal for unions to join together. to strike
Why did the General Strike end
The TUC ran out of money to support it
After WW2, how did unions build better relations with the government
The government natioanlised key industries like coal, aviation, railways, electricity and gas
When was the Miner’s strike
1984 - Led by Scargill
Unemployment rate in 1985
3million
