Power And Politeness

Question 1

Asymmetry

Answer 1

Does one party have more control over the talk

Question 2

Components of asymmetrical talk

Answer 2

Speaking rights and obligations

Question 3

Speaking rights

Answer 3

who has (or is given) the right to speak in a particular context?

Question 4

Obligations

Answer 4

who has to speak? When are they allowed to speak?

Question 5

Cameron’s approach to power

Answer 5

Asymmetry

Question 6

Fishman’s approach to power

Answer 6

Responsibilities

Question 7

Responsibility

Answer 7

Who is responsible of the conduct of the talk

Question 8

What does hutchby add to asymmetry?

Answer 8

The host has the ability to exploit sequential regularities.

Question 9

How are Conversational analysts interested in power.

Answer 9

On a local scale (ex. Institutional power)

Question 10

Brown & Levison’s approach to politeness

Answer 10

By examining the relationship between a participant’s face and speech acts

Question 11

How does politeness theory consider linguistic politeness

Answer 11

As a means for dealing with face threatening acts

Question 12

Where is the notion of face derived from

Answer 12

Goffman (1967)

Question 13

What is Brown and Levison’s (1987) assumptions in regards to face .

Answer 13

Face is the public self image that every member wants to claim for himself,

Question 14

Aspect 1 of face

Answer 14

Negative / Positive face.

Question 15

What is Brown and Levison’s Face Negative Face wants

Answer 15

The want of every ‘competent adult member’ that his actions be unimpeded by others

Question 16

What is Brown and Levison’s Face Positive Face wants

Answer 16

the want of every member that his wants be desirable to at least some others.

Question 17

What are the acts that run contrary to face wants.

Answer 17

Face-threatening Acts (FTAs)

Question 18

faux pas
/fəʊ ˈpɑː,French fo pa/
noun

Answer 18

An embarrassing or tactless act or remark in a social situation.

Question 19

What is Brown & Levison’s (1987) on record

Answer 19

the intention for an actor to perform A is clear, e.g. unambiguously promising to do something

Question 20

What is Brown & Levison’s (1987) off record

Answer 20

n doing A, the intention of an actor to perform A may be ambiguous in more ways than one

Question 21

Types of FTA’s

Answer 21

With redressive action

Without redressive action

Question 22

Brown & Levison’s (1987) that between on record FTAs that are done with redressive action.

Answer 22

Positive politeness

Negative politeness

Question 23

Positive politeness strategy

Answer 23

This strategy is oriented towards H’s positive face wants

Question 24

Negative politeness strategy

Answer 24

This strategy is oriented towards H’s negative face wants

Question 25

The difference between positive and negative politeness approaches

Answer 25

positive politeness is approach-based, negative politeness is avoidance-based

Question 26

What is the general argument CA practitioners have in regards to power?

Answer 26

Power and control must be constructed locally by participants in an interaction.

Question 27

What is F1 (Carole Edelsky’s term)?

Answer 27

It is where ‘one speaker speaks at a time’ and there are strict rules governing the allocation of speaking turns.

Question 28

What are one of the ways to have power within a conversation.

Answer 28

To have the ability to define what counts as acceptable or valuable speech in accordance with your own values, interests and preferences.

Question 29

Collectivism

Answer 29

The self is defined in relation to others within a larger collectivity

Question 30

Individualism

Answer 30

The self is defined as unique and independent of any collectivity

Question 31

Asymmetric category set

Answer 31

An asymmetry operates between category incumbents with respect to rights and duties and/or skills and knowledge

Question 32

The empiricist repertoire

Answer 32

Is used to establish that (some) scientific knowledge claims are simple representations of objective reality

Question 33

Contingent Repertoire

Answer 33

Is drawn upon to show that (other) knowledge claims are a consequence of scientists’ social circumstances or personality.

Question 34

What did Edwards and Potter emphasise about reports and subscriptions (1995).

Answer 34

That reports and descriptions are constructed and displayed as factual through various discursive devices; and that reports and descriptions are rhetorically organised to undermine actual or possible alternatives (Edwards and Potter, 1995: 88–9).

Question 35

How does Billig explain the variability in accounts

Answer 35

There is always an alternative position

Question 36

What does Billig claim in regards to expressing opinions or attitudes.

Answer 36

That it is necessarily to acknowledge and implicitly counter alternative possible viewpoints.

Question 37

What is Berger and Cooper understanding of The Social Construction of Reality (1966)

Answer 37

they argue that customs, habits, practices and knowledge are the products of social arrangements; this includes knowledge claims which are taken to be factual, such as scientific knowledge.

Question 38

Stake

Answer 38

A personal interest in a claim or report

Question 39

What practices can establish or undermine authority accounts?

Answer 39

1. Stake Management 2. Sacks, membership categorisation devices and category entitlement 3. Externalising devices - Metaphor and reported Speech

Question 40

Autobiographical memories

Answer 40

Recollections of events of personal significance

Question 41

What are the advantages of a person who goes second in a conversation?

Answer 41

1. They can oppose the others view point by picking it apart 2. Formulate a version of the other person speech (take it to an extreme position) 3. They can attribute a position to the other speaker (you say X but what about Y).

Question 42

What does Opp (1982) argue in regards to behaviours

Answer 42

He argues that regular behaviours develop into expectations, and those expectations give people a sense of certainty, and it is this certainty that has positive value

Question 43

How does Anderson (200:17) define the term social norm

Answer 43

A standard of behaviour shared by a social group, commonly understood by its members as authoritative or obligatory for them.

Question 44

What should you be aware of when investigating politeness strategies?

Answer 44

1. They are relatively abstract. | 2. Strategies are not hotwired to impoliteness effects

Question 45

What are the impoliteness strategies?

Answer 45

1. BALD-ON-RECORD IMPOLITENESS 2. POSITIVE IMPOLITENESS 3. NEGATIVE IMPOLITENESS 4. OFF-RECORD IMPOLITENESS 5. WITHHOLD POLITENESS 6. IMPOLITENESS META-STRATEGY: SARCASM OR MOCK POLITENESS