Power And Politeness Flashcards
Asymmetry
Does one party have more control over the talk
Components of asymmetrical talk
Speaking rights and obligations
Speaking rights
who has (or is given) the right to speak in a particular context?
Obligations
who has to speak? When are they allowed to speak?
Cameron’s approach to power
Asymmetry
Fishman’s approach to power
Responsibilities
Responsibility
Who is responsible of the conduct of the talk
What does hutchby add to asymmetry?
The host has the ability to exploit sequential regularities.
How are Conversational analysts interested in power.
On a local scale (ex. Institutional power)
Brown & Levison’s approach to politeness
By examining the relationship between a participant’s face and speech acts
How does politeness theory consider linguistic politeness
As a means for dealing with face threatening acts
Where is the notion of face derived from
Goffman (1967)
What is Brown and Levison’s (1987) assumptions in regards to face .
Face is the public self image that every member wants to claim for himself,
Aspect 1 of face
Negative / Positive face.
What is Brown and Levison’s Face Negative Face wants
The want of every ‘competent adult member’ that his actions be unimpeded by others
What is Brown and Levison’s Face Positive Face wants
the want of every member that his wants be desirable to at least some others.
What are the acts that run contrary to face wants.
Face-threatening Acts (FTAs)
faux pas
/fəʊ ˈpɑː,French fo pa/
noun
An embarrassing or tactless act or remark in a social situation.
What is Brown & Levison’s (1987) on record
the intention for an actor to perform A is clear, e.g. unambiguously promising to do something
What is Brown & Levison’s (1987) off record
n doing A, the intention of an actor to perform A may be ambiguous in more ways than one
Types of FTA’s
With redressive action
Without redressive action
Brown & Levison’s (1987) that between on record FTAs that are done with redressive action.
Positive politeness
Negative politeness
Positive politeness strategy
This strategy is oriented towards H’s positive face wants
Negative politeness strategy
This strategy is oriented towards H’s negative face wants
The difference between positive and negative politeness approaches
positive politeness is approach-based, negative politeness is avoidance-based
What is the general argument CA practitioners have in regards to power?
Power and control must be constructed locally by participants in an interaction.
What is F1 (Carole Edelsky’s term)?
It is where ‘one speaker speaks at a time’ and there are strict rules governing the allocation of speaking turns.
What are one of the ways to have power within a conversation.
To have the ability to define what counts as acceptable or valuable speech in accordance with your own values, interests and preferences.
Collectivism
The self is defined in relation to others within a larger collectivity
Individualism
The self is defined as unique and independent of any collectivity
Asymmetric category set
An asymmetry operates between category incumbents with respect to rights and duties and/or skills and knowledge
The empiricist repertoire
Is used to establish that (some) scientific knowledge claims are simple representations of objective reality
Contingent Repertoire
Is drawn upon to show that (other) knowledge claims are a consequence of scientists’ social circumstances or personality.
What did Edwards and Potter emphasise about reports and subscriptions (1995).
That reports and descriptions are constructed and displayed as factual through various discursive devices;
and that reports and descriptions are rhetorically organised to undermine actual or possible alternatives (Edwards and Potter, 1995: 88–9).
How does Billig explain the variability in accounts
There is always an alternative position
What does Billig claim in regards to expressing opinions or attitudes.
That it is necessarily to acknowledge and implicitly counter alternative possible viewpoints.
What is Berger and Cooper understanding of The Social Construction of Reality (1966)
they argue that customs, habits, practices and knowledge are the products of social arrangements; this includes knowledge claims which are taken to be factual, such as scientific knowledge.
Stake
A personal interest in a claim or report
What practices can establish or undermine authority accounts?
- Stake Management
- Sacks, membership categorisation devices and category entitlement
- Externalising devices - Metaphor and reported Speech
Autobiographical memories
Recollections of events of personal significance
What are the advantages of a person who goes second in a conversation?
- They can oppose the others view point by picking it apart
- Formulate a version of the other person speech (take it to an extreme position)
- They can attribute a position to the other speaker (you say X but what about Y).
What does Opp (1982) argue in regards to behaviours
He argues that regular behaviours develop into expectations, and those expectations give people a sense of certainty, and it is this certainty that has positive value
How does Anderson (200:17) define the term social norm
A standard of behaviour shared by a social group, commonly understood by its members as authoritative or obligatory for them.
What should you be aware of when investigating politeness strategies?
- They are relatively abstract.
2. Strategies are not hotwired to impoliteness effects
What are the impoliteness strategies?
- BALD-ON-RECORD IMPOLITENESS
- POSITIVE IMPOLITENESS
- NEGATIVE IMPOLITENESS
- OFF-RECORD IMPOLITENESS
- WITHHOLD POLITENESS
- IMPOLITENESS META-STRATEGY: SARCASM OR MOCK POLITENESS
