Power and Conflict Flashcards
When was the Treaty of Versailles signed?
28th June 1919
What did the Treaty of Versailles include?
TRAWL - Territory, Reparations, Armaments, War Guilt Clause, and League of Nations
Give two lands that Germany lost because of TofV
11 German colonies in Africa, Alsace Lorraine, Saar coalfields and the Polish corridor
How much were German reparations?
£6.6 billion
How many men was the German army limited to?
100,000 men and no conscription
What was not allowed for the German army?
Conscription was not allowed.
What article was the war guilt clause?
Article 231 of the TofV
Who were the three countries and their leaders who signed the TofV?
France - Georges Clemenceau
Britain - David Lloyd George
America - Woodrow Wilson
What were the November Criminals?
The politicians who had signed the TofV - they ‘Stabbed Germany in the back’
Which leader thought the treaty was too harsh?
David Lloyd George
Which country was displeased with the Treaty of Versailles (TofV)?
Americans, so they didn’t join the League of Nations (LoN)
List three challenges for the ‘Big Three’ for TofV.
- Time constraints (Big Three met in January, many signed in June 1919)
- Prior agreements (Allied governments already made promises to other countries about land)
- Changing Europe (Communism outbreak, Austria-Hungary gaining independence) and Conflict of interest (all countries wanted different things)
What was the treaty for Austria called?
Treaty of St Germain
Austria thought Germany were saints.
How did the treaty of St Germain affect Austria?
Austria lost land to Italy, Romania, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, and Poland. Their army was limited to 30,000 men, no conscription allowed, and no navy. Had to pay reparations but there was no fixed amount. Anschluss (union between Germany and Austria) was forbidden.
What was the treaty for Hungary called?
Treaty of Trianon
Hungry Gary ate a tree - non!
What were the effects of the Treaty of Trianon?
Hungarian land lost to Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and Austria.
Military limited to 30,000 men, no conscription, only allowed three patrol boats. Reparations were set but nothing claimed as Hungarian economy collapsed.
What was the impact of the Treaty of Neuilly?
Bulgarian land lost to Yugoslavia, Greece, and Romania.
Military limited to 20,000 men, no conscription, Air Force only. Had to pay £100 million in reparations.
What did the Treaty of Sevres entail?
Nearly all European Turkish land was gone except a small area around Constantinople (Istanbul).
Army restricted to 50,000 men, only 7 sail boats and 6 torpedo boats. Had to give Allies the Dardanelles and Bosphorus straits.
What was the treaty of Bulgaria called?
Treaty of Neuilly
#footnote
Aria had a new bully
What was the initial treaty for Turkey called?
Treaty of Sevres
#footnote
too severe
What was the new treaty given to Turkey called?
Treaty of Lausanne
What did the Turkish get back from the Treaty of Lausanne?
They regained land Greece had taken, including the Dardanelles and Bosphorus straits. They decided the size of their own army, and the allies had to leave. No reparations.
When was the League of Nations formed?
10th January 1920
How many original members were there in LofN?
42
How many members in LofN in 1934?
58
Who were the four permanent members of the council of LofN?
Britain, France, Italy and Japan
What were the aims of the League of Nations?
- To stop war
- Encourage disarmament
- Improve working conditions
- Reduce disease
Where was the League of Nations established?
Geneva, Switzerland
Who wasn’t allowed to join the League of Nations?
Russia/USSR (they were communist) and Germany, but this was overturned in 1926 by the Locarno Treaties.
How was the refusal of the USA to join the League of Nations significant?
The USA was one of the most powerful countries in the world, so it meant the League had less influence.
Why didn’t America join the League of Nations?
They believed in isolationism and didn’t want to get involved in European affairs. Americans were opposed to sending troops to solve European issues as 320,000 US soldiers had died in WW1 which was a conflict that barely involved them.
Additional reasons include the presence of many German immigrants who thought the Treaty of Versailles was unfair, opposition from US companies to trade sanctions, and fears that the League would be dominated by Britain and France.
What was the structure of the League of Nations?
The League of Nations had three main parts: The Assembly, the Council, and the Secretariat.
What was the Assembly in the League of Nations?
The Assembly, which met once a year, consisted of representatives of all the member states. They voted on matters including permitting other countries to join the League, electing non-permanent members, approving the budget, and recommending action for voting to the Council.
What was the problem with the Assembly in the LofN?
The vote had to be unanimous, which meant that barely any progress was made. This meant most decisions were passed onto the Council.
What was the function of the Council in the LofN?
The Council’s main function was to settle international disputes. The number of non-permanent members varied, but the permanent members were Britain, France, Italy, and Japan. Council meetings were usually held four times a year but in extreme cases, they were held as often as needed.
What were the three sections of the Secretariat?
1 - International Labor Organisation (ILO)
2 - Special commissions
3 - Permanent Court of Justice
What did the ILO do in the LofN?
Their aim was to improve working conditions and this had its successes and failures. 77 countries set a minimum wage for workers and white lead (a substance that long term exposure to could lead to death) was banned in paint. However, long working hours and child labour still existed.
What did the Special commissions do in the LofN?
They focused on improving global humanitarian conditions and on things that improved people’s standard of living. For example, there was a Refugee commission that helped 1.5 million people fleeing from the USSR and there was also a Health commission that now exists as the WHO, along with many other commissions.
List the commissions of the LofN
1 - Commission for Refugees
2 - Slavery Commission
3 - Economic and Financial committee
4 - Organisation for Communications and Transport
5 - Health Commission
6 - Permanent central opium board
What did the Permanent Court of Justice do in the League of Nations?
They were approached when the council couldn’t reach an agreement. However, the PCofJ could only advise the council and couldn’t make any decisions.
How many judges were in the Permanent Court of Justice?
There were 15 judges in total, including 11 judges and 4 deputy judges.
What was the role of the Permanent Court of Justice?
The role of the Permanent Court of Justice was to advise the council when they couldn’t reach an agreement, but they couldn’t make decisions.
What happened in Vilna in 1920?
Poland invaded and took Vilna, which was given to Lithuania in the Treaties.
The aggressive country was Poland, and they were not stopped or punished by the League of Nations.
What was the outcome of the conflict in Vilna?
Failure.
Lithuania asked the League of Nations for help, but Poland refused to leave.
What was the situation in Upper Silesia from 1921-25?
A plebiscite was held, and Germany won 60% of the vote. The League split the area according to how the people voted.
Germany got mostly rural areas, while Poland received the industrial areas.
What was the outcome of the Upper Silesia conflict?
Success.
Both Germany and Poland accepted the League’s decision.
What happened with the Aaland Islands in 1921?
The League of Nations ruled that the Aaland Islands should remain with Finland.
The Finnish were not allowed to attack Sweden.
What was the outcome of the Aaland Islands conflict and when did it happen?
Success and in 1921.
What occurred in Corfu in 1923?
Italy invaded Corfu after a Greek general was murdered. The League of Nations did not intervene effectively.
Italy undermined the League by seeking help from ambassadors.
What was the outcome of the Corfu conflict?
Failure.
What happened in Bulgaria in 1925?
Greece invaded Bulgaria, and the League told Bulgaria not to listen to the demands.
Greece was fined
What was the outcome of the Bulgaria conflict?
Success to an extent - Greece left but it was unfair as Greece had a soldier murdered.
What is the Kellogg-Briand Pact?
An international agreement signed in 1928 to prevent war by renouncing it as a tool of national policy.
What was the purpose of the Kellogg-Briand Pact?
To promote peaceful resolution of conflicts among nations.
Which countries were involved in the Kellogg-Briand Pact?
Signatories included the United States, France, and Japan, among others.
What was the purpose of the Washington Arms Conference?
It aimed to limit naval armaments and prevent an arms race among major powers.
What was the outcome of the Rapallo Treaty?
It established diplomatic relations between Germany and Soviet Russia in 1922.
What was a key purpose of the League of Nations?
It was created to promote peace and cooperation among countries after World War I.
What was the main goal of the treaties in the 1920s?
To establish international agreements that would prevent future conflicts.
Why did the wall street crash happen?
America grew rich after WWI so the citizens started buying shares of US companies with their profits or borrowed money. Confidence in the US economy declined and so did the share prices so they were sold in panic, essentially becoming worthless. Banks demanded money loans back and all savings were lost.
When did the Wall street crash happen?
29th October 1929
How was Japan affected by the Great Depression?
Japan is an island, so they needed to import many raw materials but this couldn’t happen as no one bought Japanese products which meant they couldn’t afford imports.
Where is Manchuria?
In China on the North Eastern Coast.
Why did the Japanese want Manchuria?
Japan was extremely affected by the Great Depression- most ppl were starving. Manchuria was geographically close to Japan, had good resources and there was a history of confusion abt who owned the area.
What happened in 1931?
Japan blew up its own railway and blamed this on China, using it as an excuse to invade.
What changes did the Japanese make to Manchuria?
They changed the name to Manchukuo and set up a puppet government (last Qing emperor was brought out of retirement and was a puppet leader).
What was done about the Japanese invading Manchuria?
China complained to the LofN and they sent a British Diplomat (Lord Lyton- he lied a ton) to find out what was happening.
When was the truth about Manchuria revealed?
February 1932, a year after the conflict. The LofN told Japan to leave Manchuria.
How did Japan respond to being told to evacuate Manchuria?
They left Manchuria and invaded more of China in 1937, invading most major cities by 1938.
Where is Abyssinia?
Ethiopia
What happened in Italy after WW1?
They turned against their government and allowed the dictator Mussolini to come into power.
Why did Mussolini want Abyssinia?
He wanted to rebuild the Ancient Roman Empire and also wanted African colonies like Britain and France. Abyssinia was near other Italian colonies and was rich in natural resources.
Who was the Emperor of Abyssinia?
Haile Selassie
(hi lee see lassie?)
What happened regarding Abyssinia in December 1934?
Italy and Abyssinia had a dispute at the Wal-Wal oasis so Selassie appealed to the League for help
When did Britain and France sign the Stresa Pact with Mussolini?
1935
What was the Stresa Pact 1935?
This was an agreement between Britain, France and Italy which formalised opposition to German rearmament, committing the three to work together against Germany.
When did Italy invade Abyssinia?
October 1935
What was the Hoare-Laval pact?
A secret plan to give 2/3 of Abyssinia to Mussolini (not asking Selassie). Italy just took the whole of Abyssinia anyway.
How was the LofN weak?
It had no army so it had no real authority and it lacked America - the most powerful country in the world.
What were Hitlers aims for Germany?
MARVEL
Make Germany great
Anschluss
Restore Pride
Versailles broken
End communism
Lebensraum
When did Hitler regain the Saar into Germany?
January 1935 with a plebiscite that united it with Germany
When was the Rhineland re-militarised?
7th March 1936
What pact did France and Russia sign to protect against Germany?
Franco-Soviet Pact in 1935
When was the treaty between Italy and Germany signed?
Rome-Berlin axis was signed in 1936
Why did Hitler want Anschluss?
Austria shared culture and language with Germany and Hitler couldn’t create his Greater Germany without unifying Austria.
When did Hitler hold a ‘rigged’ referendum in Austria?
April 1938 and 99% voted in favour of Anschluss.
How did Anschluss help Hitler?
He gained 7 million ppl and a 10,000 men army, had three borders on Czechoslovakia and they gained resources (steel and iron) which helped with rearmament.
Who did Hitler target after Anschluss and why?
The Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia as 20% were German, it used to be German, contained a lot of industrial area and held most of the Czechs defence forts
What treaty was signed between France and Czechoslovakia?
Treaty of Alliance and Friendship on 25th January 1924
What was the Munich agreement?
International agreement between Britain, France, Italy and Germany in German city of Munich giving the Sudetenland to them in exchange for no more land demands in Europe from Germany.
When did the Munich agreement happen?
30 September 1938
What was the agreement between Germany and Russia and when did it happen?
The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact on 23rd August 1939
What did the Molotov Ribbentrop Pact entail?
A non-aggression pact between Stalin and Hitler for 10 years - secret part was to conquer Poland and split it between them, Germany getting the West and Russia the East
Why was potential war good for Stalin?
His enemies would be fighting one another and he was getting his lost territory back.
Why did WWII begin?
Hitler invaded Poland on 1st September 1939 and the Allies gave him 48 hours to leave or there would be war. Hitler didn’t leave so WWII began on 3rd September 1939
What were Historian’s six main reasons why WWII happened?
1 - Treaty of Versailles
2 - Failure of LofN
3 - Great Depression
4 - Appeasement
5 - Molotov Ribbentrop Pact
6 - Hitlers actions & decisions
FATH GM
Fat grandma
Father grandma
