Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Hello > Power and Authority in the Modern World > Flashcards

Power and Authority in the Modern World Flashcards

1
Q

WW1 aftermath

A
  • new powers emerging
  • other treaties: land distrubtion, geo-political instability, ethnic groups seperated, nationalism
  • Great Depression: hyperinflation, reparations
  • League of Nations: absence of important new powers
  • Treaty of Versailles affecting Germany: territorial loss, War Guilt Clause
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Paris Peace Conference (PPC)

A
  • began Jan 1919
  • Allies and defeated nations meeting in Paris to decide peace settlements
  • dominated by Britain, US, France, Italy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

France at Paris Peace Conference

A
  • Georges Clemenceau
  • became French PM in 1917
  • revenge for Germany and to protect France
  • he wanted the best deal for France
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Great Britain at Paris Peace Conference

A
  • David Lloyd George
  • understood privately that war wasn’t all Germany’s responsibility and exacting revenge wouldn’t bring peace
  • George’s party was very anti-Germany so publicly he had to be in agreement with France
  • “we cannot both cripple her and expect her to pay”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

USA at Paris Peace Conference

A
  • Woodrow Wilson
  • wanted world to be ‘safe for democracy’
  • proposed Article 14, 14 points to prevent war
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Woodrow Wilson’s main ideas in 14-point program

A
  • freedom of high seas
  • removal of secret treaties
  • national self-determination by state groups in Europe
  • free and open trade
  • reduction of military numbers
  • collective security
  • not forcing Germany to pay for war
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Treaty of Versailles

A
  • On 28th June 1919, German Ministers signed the Treaty on behalf of Germany
  • no possibility of negotation or Germany would face invasion
  • weren’t involved in making it
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

terms of the Treaty of Versailles: territory provisions

A
  • Alsace-Lorraine returned to France
  • ‘anschluss’ (Austria-Germany unification) banned
  • Poland got Polsen (Polish Corridor)
  • Rhineland demilitarised
  • Saarland given to France for 5 years (coal)
  • overseas colonies given to League of Nations to run
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Terms of the Treaty of Versailles: economic provisions

A
  • Germany to pay compensation in reparations
  • In 1921, figure agreed to was 6.6mil euro
  • locomotives and machinery handed over to Belgium and France
  • Coal was to be supplied to France
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Terms of the Treaty of Versailles: military provisions

A
  • German army limited to 10,000
  • no tanks/heavy artillery allowed
  • no airforxe
  • allowed six battleships
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Italy at Paris Peace Conference

A
  • Vittorio Orlando
  • hopes of major territorial gains
  • regularly clashed with Wilson
  • left conference dissatisfied, not granted promised land
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Germany ‘stab in the back’ in Treaty of Versailles

A
  • Democratic leaders forced to sign treaty, known as ‘November Criminals’
  • Army and Germany stabbed in the back by ‘November Criminals’
  • claimed it was a diktat; harsh settlements imposed with no negotation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Treaty of St Germain

A
  • Austria signed on 10th Sept 1919
  • lost territory
  • Anschluss forbidden
  • army reduced to 30,000
  • forced to pay reparations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Treaty of Triannon

A
  • Hungary signed 4th June 1920
  • lost territory
  • army reduced to 35,000
  • pay reparations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Treaty of Nevilly

A
  • signed by Bulgaria on 27th Nov 1919
  • lost territory
  • war reparations
  • army limited to 20,000
  • suffered the least
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Treaty of Sevres

A
  • signed in 1920 but rejected by new government
  • Ottoman-Turkey
  • signed the Lausanne Treaty
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Lausanne Treaty

A
  • Turkey signed 23rd July 1923
  • maintain full army
  • no reparations
  • revoked land concession to Greece
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Consequences of post-War treaties

A

new map of Europe:
* end to four empires and four ruling royal families
* Austria-Hungary disintergrated
* new countries emerged

issue of national minorities:
* people found themselves living in a country as a minority
* Jewish minorities and anti-Semitism
* competition over land claimed on basis of ethnicity, mediated by LON

Post-Treaty balance of power:
* balance of power not restored
* US isolationism
* Britain and France now second-rate powers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Conditions that gave rise to dictators: Italy

A
  • dissatisfied from Treaty of Versailles
  • promised land (Albania, Dalmatia) in secret conference in London 1915
  • protest against disloyalty of Allies
  • angered and violent soldiers returning from front
  • loss of faith in democratic leaders
  • rise of unemployement
  • collective anger and future collaboration w/ Germany
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

conditions that gave rise to dictators: Germany

A
  • democratic politicans signed Treaty of Versailles
  • ‘stab in the back’ theory
  • hyperinflation 1923, rise of unemployment
  • collective anger and future cooperation with Italy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

conditions that give rise to dictators: Japan

A
  • Washington Naval Treaty 1922- Japan naval capacity limited compared to Allies, military leaders angry
  • cause support of anti-democratic nationalistic militarism
  • all of GB since 1902, thought this would bring respect
  • ‘racial equality clause’ not included in Treaty of Versailles, personal insult
  • fear of loosing pacific ‘sphere of influence’
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

conditions that gave rise to dictators: Russia

A
  • Russian Revolution 1917
  • Tsar’s failure
  • Mar abdication and Nov revolution
  • power vacuum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

factors contributing to rise of dictatorships post-WW1

A
  • role of economies
  • pre-war situation
  • impact of WW1
  • Paris Peace Settlements
  • Europe’s Constitution and political process
  • importance of personalities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

factors contributing to rise of dictatorships post-WW1: pre-war situation

A
  • population growth
  • far-right movements, extreme nationalism
  • emergence of mass politics and media
  • industrialisation
  • progress towards more representative parliament
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

factors contributing to rise of dictatorships post-WW1: impact of WW1

A
  • brutalisation to public life
  • people fed hate-filled propaganda that couldn’t be forgotten
  • accelerated developments that were already occuring
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

factors contributing to rise of dictatorships post-WW1: Paris Peace Settlements

A
  • underlying tensions
  • many countries believed it was unfair
  • economic unity dissappeared, financial instability
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

factors contributing to rise of dictatorships post-WW1: Europe’s consititution and political process

A
  • demands of constitutional reform through Europe
  • definition of nation was unclear
  • proportional representation in Parliament made fragmented legislature, magnified divisions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

factors contributing to rise of dictatorships post-WW1: importance of personalities

A
  • no politicans of great stature left
  • great personalties criticised democracy
  • personalities offered simple solutions to complex prolems, seen to be able to save people
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

factors contributing to rise of dictatorships post-WW1: role of economies

A
  • economic decline in many countries
  • protectionist policies of the US in 1920s copied
  • economic growth in 1920s was only modest
  • accelerated transition from liberal democracy to dictatorship
  • reliance on US loans
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

constitutional dictatorship

A

traditional elites maintained existing constitutions and didn’t completely remove opposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

authoritarian leadership

A
  • often took the form of a presidential dictatorship
  • persued defensive goals in foreign policy and territorial consolidation, but not expansion
  • no opposition allowed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

totalitarian dictatorship

A
  • aimed to create a new form of society based on ideological thinking in which the private world was broken down
  • lead through any crisis by charasmatic superhuman figure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

features of Italy’s dictatorship

A
  1. opposition to Fascist party quickly removed- political police
  2. Mussolini Cult of Personality- popular, forgiven for earlier violence
  3. ideologically zealous- fascist salute compulsory
  4. many overseas admirers- impressive, champions of art and innovation
  5. youth- youth ideological groups, spread fascist ideology
  6. goal of territorial expansion- agressive foreign policy, invaded countries
  7. Corporal State- destroyed democracy, gave all power to Mussolini
  8. power consolidation- support of monarchy, church, military ect
  9. relation to Catholic Church- Lateran Accords in 1929 brought feud to a close, Concordat recognised Catholic as official religion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

features of Russia’s dictatorship

A
  1. Stalin ‘cult of personality’
  2. Secret Police (Cheka)- crush opposition
  3. industrialisation- boost steel and coal production
  4. agriculture- collectivised all farms with farmers under state controlled groups
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Rise of Nazi Party timeline 1918-1923

A
  • 1918- Kaiser flees, Ebert-Groener Pact, Germany signs armistice to end WW1 (11 Nov)
  • 1919- supress Sparticist revolt, Germany signs Treaty of Versailles, Weimar Constitution introduced
  • 1920- Kapp Putsch
  • 1921- Hitler is leader of Nazi Party
  • 1923- French occupation of Ruhr, Stresemann appointed Chancellor, Beer Hall Putsch, hyperinflation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Rise of Nazi Party timeline 1924-1929

A
  • 1924- Dawes Plan reduces reparation repayments, Hitler leaves prison
  • 1925- Hindenburg President of Germany
  • 1926- Germany joins League of Nations (LON)
  • 1928- 12 seats in Reichstag election
  • 1929- Wall Street Crash
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Rise of Nazi Party timeline 1930-1932

A
  • 1930- Chancellor Muller resigned and Bruning appointed, Young Plan, 107 seats
  • 1931- collapse of Danat bank
  • 1932- Hindenburg beats Hitler in election, 230 seats in July, Hitler refuses to be Vice-Chancellor from Hindenburg
  • 1933- Hitler appointed Chancellor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Ebert-Groener Pact

Rise of Nazis and Collapse of Weimar

A
  • Chief of Staff Groener promised to bring the army home in good order if Ebert guarenteed that he could maintain order to prevent revolt
  • Political polar opposites- Ebert (far left), Groener (right)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

impact of Ebert-Groener Pact

Rise of Nazis and Collapse of Weimar

A
  • meant that there would be no right-wing coup against govt
  • guarenteed survival of Eberts govt
  • no radical socio-economic changes
  • guarenteed survival of conservative elits and maintenance of army’s political influence
40
Q

Spartacist Revolt 1919

Rise of Nazis and Collapse of Weimar

A
  • Freikorps and Groener’s troops crushed Sparticists (Communists) uprising
  • Sparticist leaders murdered
  • division in left Weimer politics
  • KPD (Communists) couldn’t forgive SPD
  • gave Hitler a path to power
41
Q

Freikorps

A

Right-wing volunters units made up of former soldiers who hated socialists

42
Q

Conservative elites

Rise of Nazis and Collapse of Weimar

A
  • hated republic and democracy
  • those who ran industry, lots of money
  • most despised Hitler, but saw it as opportunity to destroy republic
  • put together backroom deal in 1933 that would take Hitler to power
43
Q

Wolfgang Kapp Putsch

Rise of Nazis and Collapse of Weimar

A
  • 1920
  • lead by Wolfgang Kapp
  • Freikorps units tried to take control of Berlin
  • government called on army troops to quench revolt (spartist2.0)
  • army commander refused, can’t fire on comrades they served with
  • showed that the army couldn’t be relied upon to defend republic
44
Q

France occupation of the Ruhr

Rise of Nazis and Collapse of Weimar

A
  • Germany failed to deliver 140 000 telegraph poles to France in 1922
  • French and Beligan troops took occupation of the Ruhu in Jan
  • Germany did ‘passive resistance’; government paidd wages of striking German workers
  • France executed a German an he became a martyr
45
Q

Underlying weakness of the Weimar economy

Rise of Nazis and Collapse of Weimar

A
  • 1920s high interest rates
  • reliance on intl. economy and ability to export
  • introduction of new tech revitalised economy, but lead to unemployment
  • almost total reliance on US loans
  • borrowed short and invested long
  • war reparations from Treaty of Versailles
  • worldwide agricultural Depression
46
Q

Weimar Republic Golden Years

Rise of Nazis and Collapse of Weimar

A
  • economy booming second only to US
  • political stability
  • democracy was working and accepted by most
  • Dawes Plan 1924- reduced reparations
  • violence declined
  • best social welfare system in the world- support for unemployed, laws to protect workers
  • 1925 Locarno Pact- restored Intl. relationships
  • entry into LON
  • political violence reduced
47
Q

Weimar Republic early difficulties

Rise of Nazis and Collapse of Weimar

A
  • blamed for defeat in war
  • ‘stab in the back’ legend against ‘Nov Criminals’
  • failure of Sparticist revolution ensured survival of anti-democratic conservative elites
  • political violence fom right-wing groups
  • 1920 Wolfgang Kapp Putsch, army refused to support republic
  • signed Treaty of Versailles- reparations, invasion of Ruhr
48
Q

Hiter’s Beer Hall Putsch

Rise of Nazis and Collapse of Weimar

A
  • 8 Nov 1923
  • burst into a pub where von Kahr was having meeting
  • ordered him and others to join Nazis in a Putsch
  • von Kahr agreed, but once he escaped turned Hitler and conspirators (inc. Lundendorff) in
  • sentenced to five years, only served 9 months, comfortable
  • wrote Mein Kampf in this time
  • brought national attention
  • taught Hitler that power needed to be gained throuh politics, not violent revolts
49
Q

Nazi Party post-prison divides

Rise of Nazis and Collapse of Weimar

A
  • weak, dissallusioned, divided between North and South
  • North=young, emphasised egalitarian and anti-capitalist elements
  • South= old racist men like Ludendorff and Rosenberg, emphasised anti-Semitism and anti-Marxism
  • Hitler condemned North
50
Q

Impact of depression

Rise of Nazis and Collapse of Weimar

A
  • US funds dried up and money left Germany
  • pyschological blow
  • 6 mil. unemployed in 1932
  • other countries imposed high tarrifs, hurt Germany
  • Bruning’s deflationist policies made depression worse
  • major banking crisis; Danat bankrupt, panic, capital left country
51
Q

Von Papen and Von Schleicher drama

Rise of Nazis and Collapse of Weimar

A
  • 1932 Von Papen appointed Chancellor
  • had support from Von Schleicher, wanted to use Nazi support to strengthen right-wing govt.
  • ban on SA ended
  • Dec 1932 Von Schleicher worked to remove Von Papen, and becomes Chancelllor
  • driven by revenge, von Papen persuades Hindenburg’s advisors to do a deal with Hitler- believed he could be controlled
  • 30 Jan 1933- Hiter is appointed Chancellor, Von Papen Vice Chancellor, 3/11 Nazis in cabinet
  • Von Papen believed that Hitler would be a ‘puppet’
52
Q

Initial consolidation of Nazi Power 1933 Jan-Mar timeline

Initial consolidation of Nazi Power 1933-1934

A
  • 30 Jan- Hitler is chancellor
  • 1 Feb- Hindenburg dissolves Reichstag
  • 4 Feb- Law for Protection of German People enacted-bans placed on left-wing to destroy communist threat
  • 22 Feb- Goering recruits 50,000 SA as police, full control of police
  • 28 Feb- Reichstag Fire Decree passed, suspension of Constitutional freedoms
  • March- opening of Dachau concentration camp, Gestapo created
  • 21 Mar- Postdam Ceremony opening of new Reichstag, establishment of courts to deal with political crimes
  • 23 Mar- Enabling Act passed, Hitler has total power for 4 years
53
Q

Initial consolidation of Nazi Power 1933 April-June timeline

Initial consolidation of Nazi Power 1933-1934

A
  • April- anti-Jewish measures, business boycotted, dismissed from civilservice, limits on education
  • April- Law for Restoration of the Professional Civil Service removed unfavourable from govt. work
  • 1 May- National Day of Labour, day off for workers
  • 2 May- Trade unions banned, merged with German Labour Front
  • 26 May- Law for Seizure of Communist Assets destroys KPD
  • 22 Jun- SPD dissolved
54
Q

Initial consolidation of Nazi Power 1933 July-Oct

Initial consolidation of Nazi Power 1933-1934

A
  • 5 Jul- BVP and centre dissolve themselves, non-Nazi political opponents almost gone
  • 20 Jul- Concordat with Catholic Church ends their opposition
  • 22 Sept- Reich Chamber of Culture is formed
  • 4 Oct- Editorial Law passed, all media under Nazi control
55
Q

Initial consolidation of Nazi Power 1934

Initial consolidation of Nazi Power 1933-1934

A
  • Jan- abolition of state Parliaments
  • Feb- abolition of upper house of parliament (Reichstrat)
  • Apr- Peoples Court made to deal with crimes against the state
  • 30 Jun- Night of Long Knives
  • 2 Aug- Death of Hindenburg, post of Presidnet abolished, Hitler is Fuhrer and Reich Chancellor, army swears personal oath of allegiance to Hitler
56
Q

Reichstag Fire

Initial consolidation of Nazi Power 1933-1934

A
  • Feb 27 1933
  • Reichstag Parliament building burnt down one month after Hitler became Chancellor
  • young communist Marius van der Lubbe arrested
  • used it as an excuse to persecute political opponents
  • Decree for Protection of People and State was passed, removed civil liberties guarenteed in constitution, Nazis had unlimited legal power
  • Community and Social Democratice Part members arrested/executed
57
Q

Enabling Act

Initial consolidation of Nazi Power 1933-1934

A
  • Mar 3, 1933
  • last free election in Germany
  • Nazis used vote to pass Enabling Act
  • Hitler could run govt. without any Reichstag influence
  • democracy was over
58
Q

Night of Long Knives

Initial consolidation of Nazi Power 1933-1934

A
  • Hitler needed army and industry on his side
  • SA under Rohn wanted radical revolution in Germany- threat to army and Hitler’s position, army viewed Sa as thugs, SA demanding rights
  • Hitler summoned to meeting 21 June 1934 with Hindenburg and von Blomberg (War Minister); Hitler had to deal with Sa or army will take power
  • Hitler used SS under comand of Goebbels, Goering, and Himmler to purge SA
  • major leaders of Sa inc. Rohm executed, 400 people killed
  • threat of revolution gone, German business leaders content, army satisfied, Hindenburg happy, Hitler’s power absolute
59
Q

Death of Hindenburg

Initial consolidation of Nazi Power 1933-1934

A
  • Hitler declared himself Fuhrer
  • position of Chancellor abolished
  • army swore personal allegiance to Hitler
  • democratic institutions gone
  • 3rd Reich established
60
Q

Initial consolidation of Nazi Power 1933-1934: poltical

Initial consolidation of Nazi Power 1933-1934

A

Divided German left:
* KPD refused to forgive SPD
* only united left could’ve stopped Hitler
* severity of Depression demoralised opponents- dissolved themselves
* Catholic Church had to accept

Manipulation of Legal Procedure:
* 14 Jul banning of potential parties
* 28 Feb Reichstag Fire Decree
* 23 Mar Enabling Act
* 4 Oct Editorial Law

61
Q

Initial consolidation of Nazi Power 1933-1934: social

Initial consolidation of Nazi Power 1933-1934

A

Ruthlessness:
* concentration camps
* SS formed
* SA gangs without restraint

Willingness to turn on supporters:
* Night of Long Kinves

62
Q

Nazi Ideology aspects

Nazi Ideology

A
  • Social Darwinism
  • Lebensraum
  • Autarky
  • Agressive foregin policy
  • FuhrerPrinzip
  • Fear and Scapegoating
63
Q

Social Darwinism

Nazi Ideology

A
  • adaption of Darwin’s dieas to understand social and cultural development
  • hierarchy of races- Jews, African, Asian ranked low
  • argues that some races are superior to others
  • ‘survival of the fittest’
64
Q

Lebensraum

Nazi Ideology

A
  • ‘Living Space’
  • to make room for Aryan’s Germany would have to take territory
  • Czechoslovakia and Poland (WW2)
  • make up territory lost in Treaty of Versailles
  • Anschluss (1938)
  • ‘Grossdeutschland’
65
Q

Autarky

Nazi Ideology

A
  • economic self-sufficiency
  • new land to make Germany self-sufficient (Grossdeutschland)
  • free from needing to trade- avoid GD
  • 4 year plan in 1918
66
Q

agressive foregin policy

Nazi Ideology

A
  • pulled out of Intl. agreements
  • abolished Treaty of Versailles
67
Q

FuhrerPrinzip

Nazi Ideology

A
  • ‘Leader Principle’
  • ultimate authority rests with leaders and subordinates must folllow
  • all things come from Hitler’s will
  • strict hierarchical structure
  • goal of enforcing ideology by centralisation ‘Gleichschaltung’
  • this wasn’t efficient, ministers competing for Hitler’s favour, deliberatel chaotic
68
Q

Fear and scapegoating

Nazi Ideology

A
  • Nazis viewed Germany as constantly under attack by non-Aryans
  • Jews were scapegoats
  • dangers must be fought from within or externally
69
Q

Expressions of Nazi ideology

Nazi Ideology

A

Nazi publications:
* from 1920s, Nazis published a broad range of periodicals
* NS-Breife- party newsletter by Strasser and Goebbels
* Der SA Mann- weekly newspaper of the SA
* Der Sturmer- weekly newspaper emphasising anti-Semeti themese from 1923

Mein Kampf:
* essence of Hitler’ outlook
* importance based on lengthy description of race issue
* blueprint for future programs
* articulation of ideas, not a political program

70
Q

Hitler

Role of Prominent Individuals

A
  • born in 1889, Austria
  • rejected from Vienna Academy of Art
  • served German army in WW1
  • post-war employed to spy on subversive political parties, decided to join the German Workers Party
  • German Chancellor in 1933
  • Fuhrerprinzip
71
Q

Hermann Goering

Role of Prominent Individuals

A
  • commander in chief of Luftwaffe and President of the Reichstag
  • second to Hitler, chosen successor
  • joined NSDAP in 1922- given command of SA, took part in Beer Hall Putsch
  • main role was to break democratic power in Reichstag- passing of Enabling Bill
  • Minister of Interior of Prussia to Nazify Police and createdd SS
  • concentration camps
  • Night of Long Knives
  • gave security chief position to Himmler
  • commission of the Four-Year-Plan in 1936
  • fined Jewish for damages in Kristallnacht
  • condemned to death in Nuremburg trials
72
Q

Albert Speer

Role of Prominent Individuals

A
  • German architect, Reich Minister of Armaments and War Production
  • chief architect before assuming ministerial office
  • joined NSDAP in 1931
  • designed monuments and decorations- parade grounds at Nuremburg
  • awared Nazi Golden Party Badge of Honour in 1938
  • 1942 Minister of Armaments and War Production; planned war economy, infrastructure, increased armament production by using prisoners and slave labour
  • found guilty of war crimes and crimes against huanity in Nuremburg, 20 years prison
  • published ‘Inside the Third Reich’ in 1970
73
Q

Joseph Goebbels

Role of Prominent Individuals

A
  • politican that became Minister for Propaganda
  • born with club foot, rejeced from WW1 military service
  • joined NSDAP in 1924 and appointed Gaultetier of Berlin division in 1926
  • 1933 appointed Minister for Propaganda; President of Chamber of Culture, total control of communications media, managed rallies, 1936 Berlin olympics, first book burning
  • organised Kristallnacht
  • strong advocate for ‘total war’
  • 1944 appointed General Plenipotentiary for Total War
74
Q

Ernest Rohm

Role of Prominent Individuals

A
  • leader of SA
  • fought in WW1
  • joined NSDAP in 1919
  • set up SA with Hitler in 1921
  • Munich Beer Hall Putsch
  • left Nazi Party after disagreement to merge army and SA, rejoined 1920
  • in charge of SA again 1931
  • murdered in Night of Long Knives
75
Q

Reinhard Heydrich

Role of Prominent Individuals

A
  • second in charge of SS and head of security office
  • key role in Holocaust
  • joined NSDAP in 1931
  • appointed SS chief for Berlin 1934
  • drew up death list for Night of Long Knives
  • ordered arrest and detainment of Jews in Kristallnacht
  • head of Reich Security Central Office in 1939
  • responsible for coordinating Einsatzgruppen in WW2
76
Q

Rudolf Hess

Role of Prominent Individuals

A
  • deputy Fuhrer, no. 3 after Goering
  • joined Nazis in 1920, 16th member
  • Beer Hall Putsch
  • took dication for Hitler’s ‘Mein Kampf’
  • personal secretary
  • appointed Chairman of the Central Police Commission of the Nazi Party
  • no major role in government, mediator between Hitler and deputies
77
Q

Adolf Eichmann

Role of Prominent Individuals

A
  • member of SS, organiser of Holocaust
  • joined NSDAP in 1932
  • sent to Vienna after Austria annex to deport Jews; forced 50,000 Jewish citizens out of Austria in 6 months
  • attended Wannsea Conference- ‘final solution’
78
Q

methods of control used by the Nazi regime: propaganda (literature)

methods of control used by the Nazi regime

A
  • organised book burnings
  • in May 1933, 20,000 books burned by Berlin students
  • 2500 books banned
79
Q

methods of control used by the Nazi regime: propaganda (radio)

methods of control used by the Nazi regime

A
  • Hitler made 50 speeches in 1st year
  • no foreign frequencies
  • 1942: over 16 mil radios
  • loudspeakers on streets
  • Nationalised in 1932 by von Papen
  • ‘Volksempfanger’ peoples radio
  • affordable
80
Q

methods of control used by the Nazi regime: propaganda (music)

methods of control used by the Nazi regime

A
  • Jewish composers banned
  • Jazz banned
  • Wagner and Struss esteemed
81
Q

methods of control used by the Nazi regime: propaganda (cinema)

methods of control used by the Nazi regime

A
  • attendance over 59 mil in 1933
  • 100 Nazi films/year
  • only 25% military/historical
  • range of genres to engage audience
  • Leni Reifenstahl ‘Triumph of the Will’
82
Q

methods of control used by the Nazi regime: propaganda (Goebbel’s Ministry of Propaganda)

methods of control used by the Nazi regime

A
  • had to be Nazi supporter to be published
  • Reich Chamber of Culture (1933)

Berlin Olympics 1936:
* ease of production
* international perception

83
Q

methods of control used by the Nazi regime: laws

methods of control used by the Nazi regime

A
  • Reichstag Fire Decree and Enabling Act (1933)
  • Law for the Protection of Disease Progeny (1933)
  • Editors Law (1933)
  • Law Against Establishment of Parties (1933)
  • Law Against Malicious Act on State and Party (1934)
  • Nuremburg Laws (1935)
  • Hitler Youth Law (1936-1939)
84
Q

methods of control used by the Nazi regime: censorship

methods of control used by the Nazi regime

A

newspaper:
* taken over/shut down
* Editors Law 1933: only Nazi-approved info allowed
* journalists needed to be part of Reich Assoc. of the German Press

book burnings:
* 1933 mass burning of books
* un-German books torched

Reich Chamber of Culture:
* all art forms censored
* any work not aligned could cancel membership- lead to self-censoring
* to publish required membership

85
Q

methods of control used by the Nazi regime: purpose of Nazi propaganda

methods of control used by the Nazi regime

A
  • solidarity
  • control mass media
  • racial purity
  • trusting Hiterl
  • Volksgemainschaft
  • Nazi values
    all in order to restructure values, belifes, and ideas
86
Q

methods of control used by the Nazi regime: cult of personality

methods of control used by the Nazi regime

A
  • Goebbels isolated elements that made up thinking about political leadership and combined them to promote Hitler eg. “I love Hitler but I can’t stand the Nazis”

How ‘Fuhrer Myth’ lead to Cult of Personality:
* solved Depression
* moderating force
* restores law and order
* sacrifed personal joy for good of Germany
* modest man
* dealt with nations enemies
* ripped up Versailles

87
Q

methods of control used by the Nazi regime: terror and repression

methods of control used by the Nazi regime

A
  • Dachau Concentration Camp 1933
  • held undesirables
  • would eventually murder millions of Jews
88
Q

cultural expression

Impqact of Nazi Regime on life in Germany

A
  • neo-classical preferred
  • Reich Chamber of Culture; all expression needed to promote/comply Nazism
  • needed membership and proof of Aryan heritage
89
Q

religion

Impqact of Nazi Regime on life in Germany

A
  • Hitler needed Church on his side
  • 1/3 Catholic, 2/3 Protestant

Nazi and Catholic Church Concordat (1933):
* Hitler promised to leave Catholic Church alone if they stayed out of politics
* Nazis broke this; arrested priests, abolished Catholic groups, crucifix replaced by swastika

90
Q

workers

Impqact of Nazi Regime on life in Germany

A

Trade Unions:
* had significant role in Germany
* Nazis granted workers a ‘May Day’ (holiday) the banned trade unions day after on May 2 1933
* replaced by the DAF (German Workers Front), compulsory membership
* gained job security and employment benefits

91
Q

Youth: education

Impqact of Nazi Regime on life in Germany

A

Education:
* Nazi national curriculum
* historically distorted
* teachers swore oath to Hitler
* racial theory
* Jewish teachers sacked
* Mein Kampf was school text
* not all brainwashed

92
Q

Youth: Hitler Youth

Impqact of Nazi Regime on life in Germany

A
  • development of fit soldiers, emphasise on health
  • girls expected to be physically involved
  • healthy girls=healthy children who become soldiers
  • healthy boys= healthy soldiers
  • not encouraged to think for themselves; iconography, speeches
  • by 1939, 7.28 mil youth were members
  • 1.6 mil refused; parents didn’t let them, militarisation of activities unpopular, resented evening activities
93
Q

woomen: primary purpose

Impqact of Nazi Regime on life in Germany

A
  • Motherhood Cross; awarded to women for childbearing
  • promoted ‘Kinder, Kirche, Kuche’
  • falling birth rate, needed workers
  • 1000-year Reich
  • laws banned women from civil service
  • Law for the Encouragement of Marriage; newly-married couples given loans for each child, they didn’t have to pay back 250 marks/child, only for pure
94
Q

women: Jewish and frowned upon behaviour

Impqact of Nazi Regime on life in Germany

A
  • Aryan men pressured to divorce
  • children from mixed marriages removed from Jewish parent
  • in 1939, abortion was outlawed but not for Jewish women

frowned upon:
* makeup
* trousers
* dyed/permed hair
* slimming

95
Q

Treatment of Jews

Impqact of Nazi Regime on life in Germany

A

Petty regulations:
* can’t use public facilities
* certain entrances not allowed
* school students ridiculed/humiliated

  • April 1933 Nazis called for national boycott of Jewish businesses, SA guards outside of shops to intimidate

Legislation- Law for the Restoration of Civil Service:
* sacked from civil service
* uni restrictions
* denied marriage loans
* denied entry into legal system 1933
* excluded from the arts 1934

Nuremberg Laws:
* Blood Protection Act, not allowed to have sex with Aryans
* Reich Citizenship Act, Jews no longer citizens, had no right to; vote, join army, fly swastika

Catholic Church:
* 1939 anyone wanted to become priest needed proof of Aryan identity
* banned Jewish members of clergy

Jewish business Aryanised:
* business brought by non-Jewish people at low price

Kristallnacht:
* Jews attacked, synagogues attacked, shops smashed
* 1000s of Jews marked into concentration camps and forced to pay for damage

Hello (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions