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Hello > Power and Authority in the Modern World > Flashcards

Power and Authority in the Modern World Flashcards

1
Q

WW1 aftermath

A
  • new powers emerging
  • other treaties: land distrubtion, geo-political instability, ethnic groups seperated, nationalism
  • Great Depression: hyperinflation, reparations
  • League of Nations: absence of important new powers
  • Treaty of Versailles affecting Germany: territorial loss, War Guilt Clause
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2
Q

Paris Peace Conference (PPC)

A
  • began Jan 1919
  • Allies and defeated nations meeting in Paris to decide peace settlements
  • dominated by Britain, US, France, Italy
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3
Q

France at Paris Peace Conference

A
  • Georges Clemenceau
  • became French PM in 1917
  • revenge for Germany and to protect France
  • he wanted the best deal for France
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4
Q

Great Britain at Paris Peace Conference

A
  • David Lloyd George
  • understood privately that war wasn’t all Germany’s responsibility and exacting revenge wouldn’t bring peace
  • George’s party was very anti-Germany so publicly he had to be in agreement with France
  • “we cannot both cripple her and expect her to pay”
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5
Q

USA at Paris Peace Conference

A
  • Woodrow Wilson
  • wanted world to be ‘safe for democracy’
  • proposed Article 14, 14 points to prevent war
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6
Q

Woodrow Wilson’s main ideas in 14-point program

A
  • freedom of high seas
  • removal of secret treaties
  • national self-determination by state groups in Europe
  • free and open trade
  • reduction of military numbers
  • collective security
  • not forcing Germany to pay for war
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7
Q

Treaty of Versailles

A
  • On 28th June 1919, German Ministers signed the Treaty on behalf of Germany
  • no possibility of negotation or Germany would face invasion
  • weren’t involved in making it
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8
Q

terms of the Treaty of Versailles: territory provisions

A
  • Alsace-Lorraine returned to France
  • ‘anschluss’ (Austria-Germany unification) banned
  • Poland got Polsen (Polish Corridor)
  • Rhineland demilitarised
  • Saarland given to France for 5 years (coal)
  • overseas colonies given to League of Nations to run
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9
Q

Terms of the Treaty of Versailles: economic provisions

A
  • Germany to pay compensation in reparations
  • In 1921, figure agreed to was 6.6mil euro
  • locomotives and machinery handed over to Belgium and France
  • Coal was to be supplied to France
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10
Q

Terms of the Treaty of Versailles: military provisions

A
  • German army limited to 10,000
  • no tanks/heavy artillery allowed
  • no airforxe
  • allowed six battleships
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11
Q

Italy at Paris Peace Conference

A
  • Vittorio Orlando
  • hopes of major territorial gains
  • regularly clashed with Wilson
  • left conference dissatisfied, not granted promised land
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12
Q

Germany ‘stab in the back’ in Treaty of Versailles

A
  • Democratic leaders forced to sign treaty, known as ‘November Criminals’
  • Army and Germany stabbed in the back by ‘November Criminals’
  • claimed it was a diktat; harsh settlements imposed with no negotation
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13
Q

Treaty of St Germain

A
  • Austria signed on 10th Sept 1919
  • lost territory
  • Anschluss forbidden
  • army reduced to 30,000
  • forced to pay reparations
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14
Q

Treaty of Triannon

A
  • Hungary signed 4th June 1920
  • lost territory
  • army reduced to 35,000
  • pay reparations
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15
Q

Treaty of Nevilly

A
  • signed by Bulgaria on 27th Nov 1919
  • lost territory
  • war reparations
  • army limited to 20,000
  • suffered the least
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16
Q

Treaty of Sevres

A
  • signed in 1920 but rejected by new government
  • Ottoman-Turkey
  • signed the Lausanne Treaty
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17
Q

Lausanne Treaty

A
  • Turkey signed 23rd July 1923
  • maintain full army
  • no reparations
  • revoked land concession to Greece
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18
Q

Consequences of post-War treaties

A

new map of Europe:
* end to four empires and four ruling royal families
* Austria-Hungary disintergrated
* new countries emerged

issue of national minorities:
* people found themselves living in a country as a minority
* Jewish minorities and anti-Semitism
* competition over land claimed on basis of ethnicity, mediated by LON

Post-Treaty balance of power:
* balance of power not restored
* US isolationism
* Britain and France now second-rate powers

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19
Q

Conditions that gave rise to dictators: Italy

A
  • dissatisfied from Treaty of Versailles
  • promised land (Albania, Dalmatia) in secret conference in London 1915
  • protest against disloyalty of Allies
  • angered and violent soldiers returning from front
  • loss of faith in democratic leaders
  • rise of unemployement
  • collective anger and future collaboration w/ Germany
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20
Q

conditions that gave rise to dictators: Germany

A
  • democratic politicans signed Treaty of Versailles
  • ‘stab in the back’ theory
  • hyperinflation 1923, rise of unemployment
  • collective anger and future cooperation with Italy
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21
Q

conditions that give rise to dictators: Japan

A
  • Washington Naval Treaty 1922- Japan naval capacity limited compared to Allies, military leaders angry
  • cause support of anti-democratic nationalistic militarism
  • all of GB since 1902, thought this would bring respect
  • ‘racial equality clause’ not included in Treaty of Versailles, personal insult
  • fear of loosing pacific ‘sphere of influence’
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22
Q

conditions that gave rise to dictators: Russia

A
  • Russian Revolution 1917
  • Tsar’s failure
  • Mar abdication and Nov revolution
  • power vacuum
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23
Q

factors contributing to rise of dictatorships post-WW1

A
  • role of economies
  • pre-war situation
  • impact of WW1
  • Paris Peace Settlements
  • Europe’s Constitution and political process
  • importance of personalities
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24
Q

factors contributing to rise of dictatorships post-WW1: pre-war situation

A
  • population growth
  • far-right movements, extreme nationalism
  • emergence of mass politics and media
  • industrialisation
  • progress towards more representative parliament
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25
factors contributing to rise of dictatorships post-WW1: impact of WW1
* brutalisation to public life * people fed hate-filled propaganda that couldn't be forgotten * accelerated developments that were already occuring
26
factors contributing to rise of dictatorships post-WW1: Paris Peace Settlements
* underlying tensions * many countries believed it was unfair * economic unity dissappeared, financial instability
27
factors contributing to rise of dictatorships post-WW1: Europe's consititution and political process
* demands of constitutional reform through Europe * definition of nation was unclear * proportional representation in Parliament made fragmented legislature, magnified divisions
28
factors contributing to rise of dictatorships post-WW1: importance of personalities
* no politicans of great stature left * great personalties criticised democracy * personalities offered simple solutions to complex prolems, seen to be able to save people
29
factors contributing to rise of dictatorships post-WW1: role of economies
* economic decline in many countries * protectionist policies of the US in 1920s copied * economic growth in 1920s was only modest * accelerated transition from liberal democracy to dictatorship * reliance on US loans
30
constitutional dictatorship
traditional elites maintained existing constitutions and didn't completely remove opposition
31
authoritarian leadership
* often took the form of a presidential dictatorship * persued defensive goals in foreign policy and territorial consolidation, but not expansion * no opposition allowed
32
totalitarian dictatorship
* aimed to create a new form of society based on ideological thinking in which the private world was broken down * lead through any crisis by charasmatic superhuman figure
33
features of Italy's dictatorship
1. opposition to Fascist party quickly removed- political police 2. Mussolini Cult of Personality- popular, forgiven for earlier violence 3. ideologically zealous- fascist salute compulsory 4. many overseas admirers- impressive, champions of art and innovation 5. youth- youth ideological groups, spread fascist ideology 6. goal of territorial expansion- agressive foreign policy, invaded countries 7. Corporal State- destroyed democracy, gave all power to Mussolini 8. power consolidation- support of monarchy, church, military ect 9. relation to Catholic Church- Lateran Accords in 1929 brought feud to a close, Concordat recognised Catholic as official religion
34
features of Russia's dictatorship
1. Stalin 'cult of personality' 2. Secret Police (Cheka)- crush opposition 3. industrialisation- boost steel and coal production 4. agriculture- collectivised all farms with farmers under state controlled groups
35
Rise of Nazi Party timeline 1918-1923
* 1918- Kaiser flees, Ebert-Groener Pact, Germany signs armistice to end WW1 (11 Nov) * 1919- supress Sparticist revolt, Germany signs Treaty of Versailles, Weimar Constitution introduced * 1920- Kapp Putsch * 1921- Hitler is leader of Nazi Party * 1923- French occupation of Ruhr, Stresemann appointed Chancellor, Beer Hall Putsch, hyperinflation
36
Rise of Nazi Party timeline 1924-1929
* 1924- Dawes Plan reduces reparation repayments, Hitler leaves prison * 1925- Hindenburg President of Germany * 1926- Germany joins League of Nations (LON) * 1928- 12 seats in Reichstag election * 1929- Wall Street Crash
37
Rise of Nazi Party timeline 1930-1932
* 1930- Chancellor Muller resigned and Bruning appointed, Young Plan, 107 seats * 1931- collapse of Danat bank * 1932- Hindenburg beats Hitler in election, 230 seats in July, Hitler refuses to be Vice-Chancellor from Hindenburg * 1933- Hitler appointed Chancellor
38
Ebert-Groener Pact ## Footnote Rise of Nazis and Collapse of Weimar
* Chief of Staff Groener promised to bring the army home in good order if Ebert guarenteed that he could maintain order to prevent revolt * Political polar opposites- Ebert (far left), Groener (right)
39
impact of Ebert-Groener Pact ## Footnote Rise of Nazis and Collapse of Weimar
* meant that there would be no right-wing coup against govt * guarenteed survival of Eberts govt * no radical socio-economic changes * guarenteed survival of conservative elits and maintenance of army's political influence
40
Spartacist Revolt 1919 ## Footnote Rise of Nazis and Collapse of Weimar
* Freikorps and Groener's troops crushed Sparticists (Communists) uprising * Sparticist leaders murdered * division in left Weimer politics * KPD (Communists) couldn't forgive SPD * gave Hitler a path to power
41
Freikorps
Right-wing volunters units made up of former soldiers who hated socialists
42
Conservative elites ## Footnote Rise of Nazis and Collapse of Weimar
* hated republic and democracy * those who ran industry, lots of money * most despised Hitler, but saw it as opportunity to destroy republic * put together backroom deal in 1933 that would take Hitler to power
43
Wolfgang Kapp Putsch ## Footnote Rise of Nazis and Collapse of Weimar
* 1920 * lead by Wolfgang Kapp * Freikorps units tried to take control of Berlin * government called on army troops to quench revolt (spartist2.0) * army commander refused, can't fire on comrades they served with * showed that the army couldn't be relied upon to defend republic
44
France occupation of the Ruhr ## Footnote Rise of Nazis and Collapse of Weimar
* Germany failed to deliver 140 000 telegraph poles to France in 1922 * French and Beligan troops took occupation of the Ruhu in Jan * Germany did 'passive resistance'; government paidd wages of striking German workers * France executed a German an he became a martyr
45
Underlying weakness of the Weimar economy ## Footnote Rise of Nazis and Collapse of Weimar
* 1920s high interest rates * reliance on intl. economy and ability to export * introduction of new tech revitalised economy, but lead to unemployment * almost total reliance on US loans * borrowed short and invested long * war reparations from Treaty of Versailles * worldwide agricultural Depression
46
Weimar Republic Golden Years ## Footnote Rise of Nazis and Collapse of Weimar
* economy booming second only to US * political stability * democracy was working and accepted by most * Dawes Plan 1924- reduced reparations * violence declined * best social welfare system in the world- support for unemployed, laws to protect workers * 1925 Locarno Pact- restored Intl. relationships * entry into LON * political violence reduced
47
Weimar Republic early difficulties ## Footnote Rise of Nazis and Collapse of Weimar
* blamed for defeat in war * 'stab in the back' legend against 'Nov Criminals' * failure of Sparticist revolution ensured survival of anti-democratic conservative elites * political violence fom right-wing groups * 1920 Wolfgang Kapp Putsch, army refused to support republic * signed Treaty of Versailles- reparations, invasion of Ruhr
48
Hiter's Beer Hall Putsch ## Footnote Rise of Nazis and Collapse of Weimar
* 8 Nov 1923 * burst into a pub where von Kahr was having meeting * ordered him and others to join Nazis in a Putsch * von Kahr agreed, but once he escaped turned Hitler and conspirators (inc. Lundendorff) in * sentenced to five years, only served 9 months, comfortable * wrote Mein Kampf in this time * brought national attention * taught Hitler that power needed to be gained throuh politics, not violent revolts
49
Nazi Party post-prison divides ## Footnote Rise of Nazis and Collapse of Weimar
* weak, dissallusioned, divided between North and South * North=young, emphasised egalitarian and anti-capitalist elements * South= old racist men like Ludendorff and Rosenberg, emphasised anti-Semitism and anti-Marxism * Hitler condemned North
50
Impact of depression ## Footnote Rise of Nazis and Collapse of Weimar
* US funds dried up and money left Germany * pyschological blow * 6 mil. unemployed in 1932 * other countries imposed high tarrifs, hurt Germany * Bruning's deflationist policies made depression worse * major banking crisis; Danat bankrupt, panic, capital left country
51
Von Papen and Von Schleicher drama ## Footnote Rise of Nazis and Collapse of Weimar
* 1932 Von Papen appointed Chancellor * had support from Von Schleicher, wanted to use Nazi support to strengthen right-wing govt. * ban on SA ended * Dec 1932 Von Schleicher worked to remove Von Papen, and becomes Chancelllor * driven by revenge, von Papen persuades Hindenburg's advisors to do a deal with Hitler- believed he could be controlled * 30 Jan 1933- Hiter is appointed Chancellor, Von Papen Vice Chancellor, 3/11 Nazis in cabinet * Von Papen believed that Hitler would be a 'puppet'
52
Initial consolidation of Nazi Power 1933 Jan-Mar timeline ## Footnote Initial consolidation of Nazi Power 1933-1934
* 30 Jan- Hitler is chancellor * 1 Feb- Hindenburg dissolves Reichstag * 4 Feb- Law for Protection of German People enacted-bans placed on left-wing to destroy communist threat * 22 Feb- Goering recruits 50,000 SA as police, full control of police * 28 Feb- Reichstag Fire Decree passed, suspension of Constitutional freedoms * March- opening of Dachau concentration camp, Gestapo created * 21 Mar- Postdam Ceremony opening of new Reichstag, establishment of courts to deal with political crimes * 23 Mar- Enabling Act passed, Hitler has total power for 4 years
53
Initial consolidation of Nazi Power 1933 April-June timeline ## Footnote Initial consolidation of Nazi Power 1933-1934
* April- anti-Jewish measures, business boycotted, dismissed from civilservice, limits on education * April- Law for Restoration of the Professional Civil Service removed unfavourable from govt. work * 1 May- National Day of Labour, day off for workers * 2 May- Trade unions banned, merged with German Labour Front * 26 May- Law for Seizure of Communist Assets destroys KPD * 22 Jun- SPD dissolved
54
Initial consolidation of Nazi Power 1933 July-Oct ## Footnote Initial consolidation of Nazi Power 1933-1934
* 5 Jul- BVP and centre dissolve themselves, non-Nazi political opponents almost gone * 20 Jul- Concordat with Catholic Church ends their opposition * 22 Sept- Reich Chamber of Culture is formed * 4 Oct- Editorial Law passed, all media under Nazi control
55
Initial consolidation of Nazi Power 1934 ## Footnote Initial consolidation of Nazi Power 1933-1934
* Jan- abolition of state Parliaments * Feb- abolition of upper house of parliament (Reichstrat) * Apr- Peoples Court made to deal with crimes against the state * 30 Jun- Night of Long Knives * 2 Aug- Death of Hindenburg, post of Presidnet abolished, Hitler is Fuhrer and Reich Chancellor, army swears personal oath of allegiance to Hitler
56
Reichstag Fire ## Footnote Initial consolidation of Nazi Power 1933-1934
* Feb 27 1933 * Reichstag Parliament building burnt down one month after Hitler became Chancellor * young communist Marius van der Lubbe arrested * used it as an excuse to persecute political opponents * Decree for Protection of People and State was passed, removed civil liberties guarenteed in constitution, Nazis had unlimited legal power * Community and Social Democratice Part members arrested/executed
57
Enabling Act ## Footnote Initial consolidation of Nazi Power 1933-1934
* Mar 3, 1933 * last free election in Germany * Nazis used vote to pass Enabling Act * Hitler could run govt. without any Reichstag influence * democracy was over
58
Night of Long Knives ## Footnote Initial consolidation of Nazi Power 1933-1934
* Hitler needed army and industry on his side * SA under Rohn wanted radical revolution in Germany- threat to army and Hitler's position, army viewed Sa as thugs, SA demanding rights * Hitler summoned to meeting 21 June 1934 with Hindenburg and von Blomberg (War Minister); Hitler had to deal with Sa or army will take power * Hitler used SS under comand of Goebbels, Goering, and Himmler to purge SA * major leaders of Sa inc. Rohm executed, 400 people killed * threat of revolution gone, German business leaders content, army satisfied, Hindenburg happy, Hitler's power absolute
59
Death of Hindenburg ## Footnote Initial consolidation of Nazi Power 1933-1934
* Hitler declared himself Fuhrer * position of Chancellor abolished * army swore personal allegiance to Hitler * democratic institutions gone * 3rd Reich established
60
Initial consolidation of Nazi Power 1933-1934: poltical ## Footnote Initial consolidation of Nazi Power 1933-1934
Divided German left: * KPD refused to forgive SPD * only united left could've stopped Hitler * severity of Depression demoralised opponents- dissolved themselves * Catholic Church had to accept Manipulation of Legal Procedure: * 14 Jul banning of potential parties * 28 Feb Reichstag Fire Decree * 23 Mar Enabling Act * 4 Oct Editorial Law
61
Initial consolidation of Nazi Power 1933-1934: social ## Footnote Initial consolidation of Nazi Power 1933-1934
Ruthlessness: * concentration camps * SS formed * SA gangs without restraint Willingness to turn on supporters: * Night of Long Kinves
62
Nazi Ideology aspects ## Footnote Nazi Ideology
* Social Darwinism * Lebensraum * Autarky * Agressive foregin policy * FuhrerPrinzip * Fear and Scapegoating
63
Social Darwinism ## Footnote Nazi Ideology
* adaption of Darwin's dieas to understand social and cultural development * hierarchy of races- Jews, African, Asian ranked low * argues that some races are superior to others * 'survival of the fittest'
64
Lebensraum ## Footnote Nazi Ideology
* 'Living Space' * to make room for Aryan's Germany would have to take territory * Czechoslovakia and Poland (WW2) * make up territory lost in Treaty of Versailles * Anschluss (1938) * 'Grossdeutschland'
65
Autarky ## Footnote Nazi Ideology
* economic self-sufficiency * new land to make Germany self-sufficient (Grossdeutschland) * free from needing to trade- avoid GD * 4 year plan in 1918
66
agressive foregin policy ## Footnote Nazi Ideology
* pulled out of Intl. agreements * abolished Treaty of Versailles
67
FuhrerPrinzip ## Footnote Nazi Ideology
* 'Leader Principle' * ultimate authority rests with leaders and subordinates must folllow * all things come from Hitler's will * strict hierarchical structure * goal of enforcing ideology by centralisation 'Gleichschaltung' * this wasn't efficient, ministers competing for Hitler's favour, deliberatel chaotic
68
Fear and scapegoating ## Footnote Nazi Ideology
* Nazis viewed Germany as constantly under attack by non-Aryans * Jews were scapegoats * dangers must be fought from within or externally
69
Expressions of Nazi ideology ## Footnote Nazi Ideology
Nazi publications: * from 1920s, Nazis published a broad range of periodicals * NS-Breife- party newsletter by Strasser and Goebbels * Der SA Mann- weekly newspaper of the SA * Der Sturmer- weekly newspaper emphasising anti-Semeti themese from 1923 Mein Kampf: * essence of Hitler' outlook * importance based on lengthy description of race issue * blueprint for future programs * articulation of ideas, not a political program
70
Hitler ## Footnote Role of Prominent Individuals
* born in 1889, Austria * rejected from Vienna Academy of Art * served German army in WW1 * post-war employed to spy on subversive political parties, decided to join the German Workers Party * German Chancellor in 1933 * Fuhrerprinzip
71
Hermann Goering ## Footnote Role of Prominent Individuals
* commander in chief of Luftwaffe and President of the Reichstag * second to Hitler, chosen successor * joined NSDAP in 1922- given command of SA, took part in Beer Hall Putsch * main role was to break democratic power in Reichstag- passing of Enabling Bill * Minister of Interior of Prussia to Nazify Police and createdd SS * concentration camps * Night of Long Knives * gave security chief position to Himmler * commission of the Four-Year-Plan in 1936 * fined Jewish for damages in Kristallnacht * condemned to death in Nuremburg trials
72
Albert Speer ## Footnote Role of Prominent Individuals
* German architect, Reich Minister of Armaments and War Production * chief architect before assuming ministerial office * joined NSDAP in 1931 * designed monuments and decorations- parade grounds at Nuremburg * awared Nazi Golden Party Badge of Honour in 1938 * 1942 Minister of Armaments and War Production; planned war economy, infrastructure, increased armament production by using prisoners and slave labour * found guilty of war crimes and crimes against huanity in Nuremburg, 20 years prison * published 'Inside the Third Reich' in 1970
73
Joseph Goebbels ## Footnote Role of Prominent Individuals
* politican that became Minister for Propaganda * born with club foot, rejeced from WW1 military service * joined NSDAP in 1924 and appointed Gaultetier of Berlin division in 1926 * 1933 appointed Minister for Propaganda; President of Chamber of Culture, total control of communications media, managed rallies, 1936 Berlin olympics, first book burning * organised Kristallnacht * strong advocate for 'total war' * 1944 appointed General Plenipotentiary for Total War
74
Ernest Rohm ## Footnote Role of Prominent Individuals
* leader of SA * fought in WW1 * joined NSDAP in 1919 * set up SA with Hitler in 1921 * Munich Beer Hall Putsch * left Nazi Party after disagreement to merge army and SA, rejoined 1920 * in charge of SA again 1931 * murdered in Night of Long Knives
75
Reinhard Heydrich ## Footnote Role of Prominent Individuals
* second in charge of SS and head of security office * key role in Holocaust * joined NSDAP in 1931 * appointed SS chief for Berlin 1934 * drew up death list for Night of Long Knives * ordered arrest and detainment of Jews in Kristallnacht * head of Reich Security Central Office in 1939 * responsible for coordinating Einsatzgruppen in WW2
76
Rudolf Hess ## Footnote Role of Prominent Individuals
* deputy Fuhrer, no. 3 after Goering * joined Nazis in 1920, 16th member * Beer Hall Putsch * took dication for Hitler's 'Mein Kampf' * personal secretary * appointed Chairman of the Central Police Commission of the Nazi Party * no major role in government, mediator between Hitler and deputies
77
Adolf Eichmann ## Footnote Role of Prominent Individuals
* member of SS, organiser of Holocaust * joined NSDAP in 1932 * sent to Vienna after Austria annex to deport Jews; forced 50,000 Jewish citizens out of Austria in 6 months * attended Wannsea Conference- 'final solution'
78
methods of control used by the Nazi regime: propaganda (literature) ## Footnote methods of control used by the Nazi regime
* organised book burnings * in May 1933, 20,000 books burned by Berlin students * 2500 books banned
79
methods of control used by the Nazi regime: propaganda (radio) ## Footnote methods of control used by the Nazi regime
* Hitler made 50 speeches in 1st year * no foreign frequencies * 1942: over 16 mil radios * loudspeakers on streets * Nationalised in 1932 by von Papen * 'Volksempfanger' peoples radio * affordable
80
methods of control used by the Nazi regime: propaganda (music) ## Footnote methods of control used by the Nazi regime
* Jewish composers banned * Jazz banned * Wagner and Struss esteemed
81
methods of control used by the Nazi regime: propaganda (cinema) ## Footnote methods of control used by the Nazi regime
* attendance over 59 mil in 1933 * 100 Nazi films/year * only 25% military/historical * range of genres to engage audience * Leni Reifenstahl 'Triumph of the Will'
82
methods of control used by the Nazi regime: propaganda (Goebbel's Ministry of Propaganda) ## Footnote methods of control used by the Nazi regime
* had to be Nazi supporter to be published * Reich Chamber of Culture (1933) Berlin Olympics 1936: * ease of production * international perception
83
methods of control used by the Nazi regime: laws ## Footnote methods of control used by the Nazi regime
* Reichstag Fire Decree and Enabling Act (1933) * Law for the Protection of Disease Progeny (1933) * Editors Law (1933) * Law Against Establishment of Parties (1933) * Law Against Malicious Act on State and Party (1934) * Nuremburg Laws (1935) * Hitler Youth Law (1936-1939)
84
methods of control used by the Nazi regime: censorship ## Footnote methods of control used by the Nazi regime
newspaper: * taken over/shut down * Editors Law 1933: only Nazi-approved info allowed * journalists needed to be part of Reich Assoc. of the German Press book burnings: * 1933 mass burning of books * un-German books torched Reich Chamber of Culture: * all art forms censored * any work not aligned could cancel membership- lead to self-censoring * to publish required membership
85
methods of control used by the Nazi regime: purpose of Nazi propaganda ## Footnote methods of control used by the Nazi regime
* solidarity * control mass media * racial purity * trusting Hiterl * Volksgemainschaft * Nazi values all in order to restructure values, belifes, and ideas
86
methods of control used by the Nazi regime: cult of personality ## Footnote methods of control used by the Nazi regime
* Goebbels isolated elements that made up thinking about political leadership and combined them to promote Hitler eg. "I love Hitler but I can't stand the Nazis" How 'Fuhrer Myth' lead to Cult of Personality: * solved Depression * moderating force * restores law and order * sacrifed personal joy for good of Germany * modest man * dealt with nations enemies * ripped up Versailles
87
methods of control used by the Nazi regime: terror and repression ## Footnote methods of control used by the Nazi regime
* Dachau Concentration Camp 1933 * held undesirables * would eventually murder millions of Jews
88
cultural expression ## Footnote Impqact of Nazi Regime on life in Germany
* neo-classical preferred * Reich Chamber of Culture; all expression needed to promote/comply Nazism * needed membership and proof of Aryan heritage
89
religion ## Footnote Impqact of Nazi Regime on life in Germany
* Hitler needed Church on his side * 1/3 Catholic, 2/3 Protestant Nazi and Catholic Church Concordat (1933): * Hitler promised to leave Catholic Church alone if they stayed out of politics * Nazis broke this; arrested priests, abolished Catholic groups, crucifix replaced by swastika
90
workers ## Footnote Impqact of Nazi Regime on life in Germany
Trade Unions: * had significant role in Germany * Nazis granted workers a 'May Day' (holiday) the banned trade unions day after on May 2 1933 * replaced by the DAF (German Workers Front), compulsory membership * gained job security and employment benefits
91
Youth: education ## Footnote Impqact of Nazi Regime on life in Germany
Education: * Nazi national curriculum * historically distorted * teachers swore oath to Hitler * racial theory * Jewish teachers sacked * Mein Kampf was school text * not all brainwashed
92
Youth: Hitler Youth ## Footnote Impqact of Nazi Regime on life in Germany
* development of fit soldiers, emphasise on health * girls expected to be physically involved * healthy girls=healthy children who become soldiers * healthy boys= healthy soldiers * not encouraged to think for themselves; iconography, speeches * by 1939, 7.28 mil youth were members * 1.6 mil refused; parents didn't let them, militarisation of activities unpopular, resented evening activities
93
woomen: primary purpose ## Footnote Impqact of Nazi Regime on life in Germany
* Motherhood Cross; awarded to women for childbearing * promoted 'Kinder, Kirche, Kuche' * falling birth rate, needed workers * 1000-year Reich * laws banned women from civil service * Law for the Encouragement of Marriage; newly-married couples given loans for each child, they didn't have to pay back 250 marks/child, only for pure
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women: Jewish and frowned upon behaviour ## Footnote Impqact of Nazi Regime on life in Germany
* Aryan men pressured to divorce * children from mixed marriages removed from Jewish parent * in 1939, abortion was outlawed but not for Jewish women frowned upon: * makeup * trousers * dyed/permed hair * slimming
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Treatment of Jews ## Footnote Impqact of Nazi Regime on life in Germany
Petty regulations: * can't use public facilities * certain entrances not allowed * school students ridiculed/humiliated * April 1933 Nazis called for national boycott of Jewish businesses, SA guards outside of shops to intimidate Legislation- Law for the Restoration of Civil Service: * sacked from civil service * uni restrictions * denied marriage loans * denied entry into legal system 1933 * excluded from the arts 1934 Nuremberg Laws: * Blood Protection Act, not allowed to have sex with Aryans * Reich Citizenship Act, Jews no longer citizens, had no right to; vote, join army, fly swastika Catholic Church: * 1939 anyone wanted to become priest needed proof of Aryan identity * banned Jewish members of clergy Jewish business Aryanised: * business brought by non-Jewish people at low price Kristallnacht: * Jews attacked, synagogues attacked, shops smashed * 1000s of Jews marked into concentration camps and forced to pay for damage

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